1 00:00:05,589 --> 00:00:06,672 - Charge! (soldiers war cry) 2 00:00:06,757 --> 00:00:09,675 (guns firing) 3 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:11,260 Come on, boys! 4 00:00:11,345 --> 00:00:13,962 - McClellan had fresh troops in reserve. 5 00:00:14,056 --> 00:00:15,848 Could have used them to destroy Lee. 6 00:00:15,933 --> 00:00:18,633 Instead he let him him escape over the river to Virginia. 7 00:00:18,728 --> 00:00:20,185 - We chased him out of Maryland. 8 00:00:20,271 --> 00:00:21,437 Still a victory. 9 00:00:21,522 --> 00:00:23,272 Now I can release the proclamation. 10 00:00:23,357 --> 00:00:26,316 On the first day of January, all persons 11 00:00:26,444 --> 00:00:28,986 held as slaves shall be then, 12 00:00:29,113 --> 00:00:31,813 thenceforward, and forever free. 13 00:00:31,907 --> 00:00:33,198 Where's Lee? 14 00:00:33,284 --> 00:00:34,816 - Gettysburg. 15 00:00:34,910 --> 00:00:37,369 - It may be the best chance to destroy his army. 16 00:00:37,455 --> 00:00:38,495 - One big battle. 17 00:00:40,458 --> 00:00:41,490 (guns firing) 18 00:00:41,584 --> 00:00:44,084 What if Lee is thinking the exact same thing? 19 00:00:45,463 --> 00:00:47,662 - [Lincoln] Then we're both looking at the end of this war. 20 00:00:47,757 --> 00:00:49,173 One way or the other. 21 00:00:52,470 --> 00:00:53,835 - [Announcer] Ladies and gentlemen, 22 00:00:53,929 --> 00:00:56,472 some of you may have heard of him. 23 00:00:56,557 --> 00:00:58,015 - [Caroline] His story has been passed down 24 00:00:58,142 --> 00:01:00,175 from one generation to the next. 25 00:01:00,269 --> 00:01:02,844 - Four score and seven years ago. 26 00:01:02,938 --> 00:01:04,855 - He felt that democracy in its 27 00:01:04,982 --> 00:01:08,183 purest form is for all people. 28 00:01:08,277 --> 00:01:10,685 - All persons held as slaves shall be 29 00:01:10,780 --> 00:01:13,522 thenceforward and forever free. 30 00:01:13,616 --> 00:01:16,366 - But there's something deeper than what he did. 31 00:01:17,328 --> 00:01:19,361 It's about who he was. 32 00:01:19,455 --> 00:01:21,696 - Lincoln grew up in poverty. 33 00:01:21,791 --> 00:01:22,873 - Haven't done anything to make 34 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:24,366 anyone remember that I ever lived. 35 00:01:24,460 --> 00:01:26,043 - He's living proof that Americans 36 00:01:26,170 --> 00:01:28,537 can rise from obscurity to power. 37 00:01:28,631 --> 00:01:31,873 - With that wit and that charm and that intellect. 38 00:01:31,967 --> 00:01:33,550 - It's better to stay silent and be thought 39 00:01:33,676 --> 00:01:36,211 a fool than to speak up and remove all doubt. 40 00:01:36,305 --> 00:01:38,514 - He has this deep sense of empathy. 41 00:01:38,598 --> 00:01:40,715 - He takes the Declaration of Independence. 42 00:01:40,810 --> 00:01:42,392 - All men are created equal. 43 00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:46,221 - And turns it into a nation's moral compass. 44 00:01:46,315 --> 00:01:48,857 (glass breaking) (men shouting) 45 00:01:48,943 --> 00:01:51,059 - As the country is breaking apart, 46 00:01:51,152 --> 00:01:52,235 there's a turning point where 47 00:01:52,363 --> 00:01:53,570 he's gonna have to take a stand. 48 00:01:53,697 --> 00:01:54,404 - Charge! 49 00:01:54,532 --> 00:01:56,615 - Blood will be on your hands! 50 00:01:56,700 --> 00:01:58,733 - Blood is already on my hands! 51 00:01:58,828 --> 00:02:01,403 - He had to learn how to be a commander in chief. 52 00:02:01,497 --> 00:02:02,663 - We can't have a war on two fronts. 53 00:02:02,748 --> 00:02:06,575 - He was willing to admit he was wrong and to change. 54 00:02:06,669 --> 00:02:07,793 - We can attack immediately. 55 00:02:07,878 --> 00:02:10,078 - [Historian] He was the right person at the right time. 56 00:02:10,172 --> 00:02:13,248 - If we let this stand for one minute longer 57 00:02:13,342 --> 00:02:15,759 we might as well say goodbye to the whole thing. 58 00:02:16,637 --> 00:02:17,761 Union. 59 00:02:17,888 --> 00:02:18,762 Democracy. 60 00:02:20,349 --> 00:02:21,390 All of it. 61 00:02:21,475 --> 00:02:24,268 (dramatic sting) 62 00:02:27,064 --> 00:02:29,606 (tense music) 63 00:02:42,746 --> 00:02:46,832 - In 1863, Lee swings north again. 64 00:02:46,917 --> 00:02:49,585 What he hoped was that having moved swiftly 65 00:02:49,670 --> 00:02:54,840 into Pennsylvania, the Union Army would play catch up 66 00:02:54,925 --> 00:02:57,968 in a disorganized and bedraggled fashion. 67 00:02:58,095 --> 00:02:59,344 And then he would have them. 68 00:03:00,931 --> 00:03:04,308 - When Lee crossed into Maryland and then Pennsylvania, 69 00:03:04,435 --> 00:03:08,136 Lincoln was ecstatic that Lee was in Union territory 70 00:03:08,230 --> 00:03:11,190 because he said this is our chance to bag Lee. 71 00:03:11,275 --> 00:03:14,142 Lincoln believes that destroying that army 72 00:03:14,236 --> 00:03:17,404 would in effect destroy the Confederacy. 73 00:03:19,283 --> 00:03:21,491 - By the end of the day on July 1st, 74 00:03:21,619 --> 00:03:23,318 on the Gettysburg battlefield, 75 00:03:23,412 --> 00:03:26,488 the Union Army had taken a real shellacking. 76 00:03:26,582 --> 00:03:28,373 (clicking) 77 00:03:29,460 --> 00:03:33,545 (soldiers rallying) (bombs exploding) 78 00:03:33,631 --> 00:03:36,673 - Where the hell is Sickles and the Third Corps? 79 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:37,716 Find them! 80 00:03:37,801 --> 00:03:38,508 - Yes sir. 81 00:03:38,636 --> 00:03:39,509 - Move! 82 00:03:41,430 --> 00:03:42,837 - From General Warren. 83 00:03:42,932 --> 00:03:44,097 - Give it here, give it here! 84 00:03:50,397 --> 00:03:52,147 - On the morning of July 2nd, 1863, 85 00:03:52,233 --> 00:03:53,982 Robert E. Lee makes the decision to test 86 00:03:54,067 --> 00:03:56,735 both flanks of the Union Army of the Potomac. 87 00:03:56,820 --> 00:03:58,904 At a place called Little Round Top. 88 00:03:58,989 --> 00:04:00,697 - And on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg 89 00:04:00,824 --> 00:04:03,024 Meade sends General Dan Sickle's 90 00:04:03,118 --> 00:04:05,360 Third Corps off to the left flank. 91 00:04:05,454 --> 00:04:07,537 - Sickles moved his corps and it 92 00:04:07,665 --> 00:04:09,831 created a gap in the Union line. 93 00:04:09,917 --> 00:04:12,334 This opening creates this existential threat. 94 00:04:18,968 --> 00:04:20,550 - Brigadier General Warren fears 95 00:04:20,678 --> 00:04:22,803 Little Round Top may be exposed. 96 00:04:24,765 --> 00:04:26,556 - What does that mean for the line? 97 00:04:28,519 --> 00:04:30,394 - If Lee's army takes that hill. 98 00:04:32,022 --> 00:04:34,147 We might not stand a chance. 99 00:04:40,489 --> 00:04:42,197 - During Gettysburg, Abraham Lincoln 100 00:04:42,283 --> 00:04:45,117 almost lived in the war department offices 101 00:04:45,202 --> 00:04:47,411 close to the telegraph operators. 102 00:04:47,538 --> 00:04:51,740 He was about as closely involved in monitoring 103 00:04:51,834 --> 00:04:54,576 the operations of an army in the field 104 00:04:54,670 --> 00:04:57,912 as maybe any president had ever been. 105 00:04:58,007 --> 00:05:01,925 - You wonder what Lincoln had to shore him up 106 00:05:02,052 --> 00:05:05,512 emotionally and psychologically. 107 00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:08,932 As he went through all these different decisions 108 00:05:09,059 --> 00:05:11,643 he had to make and the crisis that took place. 109 00:05:15,524 --> 00:05:16,598 - Do you have news? 110 00:05:16,692 --> 00:05:17,899 - Not of the battle. 111 00:05:17,985 --> 00:05:19,192 Mr. President. 112 00:05:19,278 --> 00:05:21,936 - Reinforcements have been sent to Little Round Top. 113 00:05:22,031 --> 00:05:23,772 - We don't know how old that information is. 114 00:05:23,866 --> 00:05:25,490 We have to wait and see. 115 00:05:25,576 --> 00:05:26,950 - Mr. President. 116 00:05:30,080 --> 00:05:31,955 Mr. President, it's Mrs. Lincoln. 117 00:05:34,752 --> 00:05:37,284 She was in the presidential carriage. 118 00:05:37,379 --> 00:05:38,587 They were going downhill when the seat 119 00:05:38,672 --> 00:05:40,422 came loose and they lost control. 120 00:05:42,092 --> 00:05:43,792 - Is she all right? 121 00:05:43,886 --> 00:05:46,303 - She had to jump from the carriage. 122 00:05:46,430 --> 00:05:47,387 It's a head injury. 123 00:05:51,602 --> 00:05:53,643 It looks like somebody removed the screws that fasten 124 00:05:53,771 --> 00:05:56,146 the driver's seat to the body of the carriage. 125 00:05:59,443 --> 00:06:01,318 Somebody was trying to kill you, sir. 126 00:06:02,863 --> 00:06:04,479 - [Operator] This is from General Meade. 127 00:06:04,573 --> 00:06:05,864 - Mrs. Pomeroy's tending to her. 128 00:06:05,949 --> 00:06:07,366 Shall I tell her you'll be around? 129 00:06:07,451 --> 00:06:08,825 - They still got the hill. 130 00:06:11,914 --> 00:06:13,163 - [Messenger] Mr. President. 131 00:06:17,628 --> 00:06:19,494 - Tell Mrs. Lincoln I'm sorry. 132 00:06:19,588 --> 00:06:21,004 I can't possibly leave now. 133 00:06:25,094 --> 00:06:26,426 Ask Robert to go to her. 134 00:06:32,101 --> 00:06:34,558 - All hell seemed to be breaking loose. 135 00:06:34,645 --> 00:06:37,011 Lincoln was faced with the consequences 136 00:06:37,106 --> 00:06:39,347 that someone had tampered with 137 00:06:39,441 --> 00:06:41,983 the carriage in order to do him in, 138 00:06:42,069 --> 00:06:44,778 and his wife had become collateral damage. 139 00:06:46,615 --> 00:06:48,240 - On the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, 140 00:06:48,325 --> 00:06:51,693 Robert E. Lee would launch his 12,500 men 141 00:06:51,787 --> 00:06:53,829 across nearly a mile wide field. 142 00:06:53,914 --> 00:06:55,831 And they would strike the Union position. 143 00:06:55,916 --> 00:06:58,366 - This comes to be known as Pickett's Charge. 144 00:06:58,460 --> 00:07:00,869 It becomes a huge bloodletting. 145 00:07:00,963 --> 00:07:05,206 The casualties mount for both Confederate and Union armies 146 00:07:05,300 --> 00:07:08,885 as Lee's men are storming the center of the Union line. 147 00:07:10,514 --> 00:07:11,379 - On and on it went. 148 00:07:11,473 --> 00:07:14,975 Confusion, no certain information. 149 00:07:15,769 --> 00:07:17,602 Through July 2nd. 150 00:07:17,688 --> 00:07:19,888 Through July 3rd. 151 00:07:19,982 --> 00:07:22,891 - And while the Battle of Gettysburg is going on, 152 00:07:22,985 --> 00:07:25,059 Ulysses S. Grant is now laying siege 153 00:07:25,154 --> 00:07:28,029 to the Confederate Army inside of Vicksburg. 154 00:07:28,115 --> 00:07:29,197 - [Caroline] Vicksburg was the last portion 155 00:07:29,283 --> 00:07:32,284 of the Mississippi River the Confederates still held. 156 00:07:32,369 --> 00:07:35,412 - Everybody knows the importance of the Mississippi River 157 00:07:35,539 --> 00:07:37,414 for commerce and military movements. 158 00:07:37,541 --> 00:07:40,375 And the primary goal of the Vicksburg campaign 159 00:07:40,461 --> 00:07:42,252 is to open the Mississippi River. 160 00:07:44,298 --> 00:07:48,383 On July 3rd Lincoln will stay at the telegraph office. 161 00:07:48,469 --> 00:07:51,595 Spending all night waiting on reports from the army. 162 00:07:55,517 --> 00:07:59,186 (telegraph machine tapping) 163 00:08:13,994 --> 00:08:16,203 - It's from General Meade. 164 00:08:18,540 --> 00:08:21,449 "The battle has been successfully concluded. 165 00:08:21,543 --> 00:08:22,292 "Lee's retreating." 166 00:08:23,712 --> 00:08:27,380 (group cheers and applauds) 167 00:08:32,011 --> 00:08:36,515 - After Gettysburg, Lincoln is thrilled with Meade. 168 00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:39,351 Here we've had the first decisive victory 169 00:08:39,436 --> 00:08:42,020 for the Army of the Potomac over Lee's army. 170 00:08:42,105 --> 00:08:44,138 This is a victory in no uncertain terms. 171 00:08:44,232 --> 00:08:46,525 Unlike Antietam, it is clear that 172 00:08:46,610 --> 00:08:49,310 the Union Army has won this battle. 173 00:08:49,404 --> 00:08:52,814 - The patriotism and cheers going in offices. 174 00:08:52,908 --> 00:08:55,817 And in Washington, DC hardly any work gets done that day. 175 00:08:55,911 --> 00:08:58,036 The president gets serenaded at the white house. 176 00:08:58,121 --> 00:08:59,704 The idea that if it isn't the end, 177 00:08:59,790 --> 00:09:00,789 it is the beginning of the end, 178 00:09:00,874 --> 00:09:03,667 this is prevailing throughout the north. 179 00:09:05,629 --> 00:09:07,837 - Gettysburg has been the largest battle 180 00:09:07,965 --> 00:09:09,464 of the war up until that time, 181 00:09:09,550 --> 00:09:12,050 will remain the largest battle of the war. 182 00:09:12,135 --> 00:09:15,345 Somewhere around 50,000 casualties. 183 00:09:15,472 --> 00:09:19,516 Lee has lost a third of his army on this venture north. 184 00:09:20,561 --> 00:09:23,270 And he has clearly been defeated. 185 00:09:25,107 --> 00:09:26,982 - Send this message to General Meade. 186 00:09:28,318 --> 00:09:30,193 Go after Lee's army now. 187 00:09:31,071 --> 00:09:32,404 While they're vulnerable. 188 00:09:33,615 --> 00:09:36,533 Imperative you attack before they cross the Potomac. 189 00:09:38,829 --> 00:09:41,195 - Lincoln believes that the aftermath 190 00:09:41,290 --> 00:09:43,415 of Gettysburg could have been the end 191 00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:45,208 of the army in Northern Virginia. 192 00:09:48,005 --> 00:09:53,049 - [Thomas] Papa! 193 00:09:55,345 --> 00:09:56,052 - How's mother? 194 00:09:57,764 --> 00:09:59,055 - It was a terrible fall. 195 00:10:00,183 --> 00:10:01,516 She's been asking for you. 196 00:10:03,854 --> 00:10:05,979 So we've won at Gettysburg? 197 00:10:07,774 --> 00:10:08,481 - Yes. 198 00:10:09,693 --> 00:10:11,151 But there's much work ahead. 199 00:10:13,447 --> 00:10:15,989 (tense music) 200 00:10:21,622 --> 00:10:22,495 - You're here. 201 00:10:27,669 --> 00:10:30,462 I overheard the doctor speaking to Mrs. Pomeroy. 202 00:10:31,590 --> 00:10:33,590 Is it true that someone was trying to hurt you? 203 00:10:37,512 --> 00:10:38,595 - Don't you worry. 204 00:10:40,223 --> 00:10:41,681 You need to rest. 205 00:10:43,393 --> 00:10:44,934 - Is your life in danger? 206 00:10:47,189 --> 00:10:49,230 (knocking) 207 00:10:49,316 --> 00:10:50,023 - Mrs. Lincoln. 208 00:10:51,151 --> 00:10:52,984 I'm sorry to interrupt. 209 00:10:53,070 --> 00:10:53,943 Sir. 210 00:10:58,575 --> 00:11:01,034 I just received a message from General Grant. 211 00:11:02,537 --> 00:11:04,445 Pemberton surrendered. 212 00:11:04,539 --> 00:11:05,872 Vicksburg is ours. 213 00:11:09,086 --> 00:11:09,834 - That's great news. 214 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:10,669 That's great. 215 00:11:12,214 --> 00:11:14,288 Well we must congratulate Grant. 216 00:11:14,383 --> 00:11:15,965 I had my doubts, but he done it. 217 00:11:17,260 --> 00:11:18,459 Any word from Meade? 218 00:11:18,553 --> 00:11:19,719 - Progress is slow. 219 00:11:20,597 --> 00:11:21,888 - He can't let Lee retreat now. 220 00:11:23,725 --> 00:11:26,142 If Meade completes the work the rebellion will be over. 221 00:11:26,269 --> 00:11:27,686 He has orders to attack now doesn't he? 222 00:11:27,771 --> 00:11:29,229 - Those are the orders. 223 00:11:35,112 --> 00:11:37,404 - Please stay with your mother. 224 00:11:45,622 --> 00:11:46,830 You must rest. 225 00:11:53,964 --> 00:11:56,506 - He learns of the capitulation of Vicksburg 226 00:11:56,633 --> 00:11:58,833 the same day as the last battle of Gettysburg. 227 00:11:58,927 --> 00:12:01,511 - You can just see the joy on Lincoln's face 228 00:12:01,638 --> 00:12:04,505 when he gets the news of Vicksburg on top of Gettysburg. 229 00:12:04,599 --> 00:12:05,515 And he said it couldn't be better. 230 00:12:05,642 --> 00:12:07,675 It just couldn't be better. 231 00:12:07,769 --> 00:12:11,512 - Lincoln had said early on Vicksburg is the key. 232 00:12:11,606 --> 00:12:13,523 The war can never be brought to a close 233 00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:15,692 until that key is in our pocket. 234 00:12:15,819 --> 00:12:20,354 Ulysses S. Grant delivered the key to Lincoln. 235 00:12:20,449 --> 00:12:22,323 - This is a turning point in the war. 236 00:12:22,409 --> 00:12:23,357 Vicksburg and Gettysburg, 237 00:12:23,452 --> 00:12:25,359 it's the high tide of the Confederacy. 238 00:12:25,454 --> 00:12:26,411 Never again would they have that much initiative, 239 00:12:26,496 --> 00:12:27,695 never again when they have that much momentum, 240 00:12:27,789 --> 00:12:29,864 never again would they have that much numbers. 241 00:12:29,958 --> 00:12:33,001 - After the victory at Gettysburg, Lincoln just assumed 242 00:12:33,086 --> 00:12:34,878 that General Meade would be able to capture 243 00:12:35,005 --> 00:12:37,672 General Lee's army and the war would be over. 244 00:12:37,758 --> 00:12:39,373 And telegrams had been sent to him 245 00:12:39,468 --> 00:12:42,210 to make sure that Lee's army doesn't escape. 246 00:12:42,304 --> 00:12:44,846 - George Gordon Meade has filled almost every 247 00:12:44,931 --> 00:12:47,381 branch in the army except for the calvary. 248 00:12:47,476 --> 00:12:48,975 Arguably one of the most qualified 249 00:12:49,060 --> 00:12:51,728 people to lead an army. 250 00:12:51,855 --> 00:12:54,555 - But George Meade is a cautious man, 251 00:12:54,649 --> 00:12:59,227 so his pursuit of Lee is careful. 252 00:12:59,321 --> 00:13:03,397 When Lee's army retreats to the Potomac at Williamsport, 253 00:13:03,492 --> 00:13:08,244 he finds the Potomac has been swollen by incessant floods. 254 00:13:08,371 --> 00:13:10,455 And Lee suddenly realized he had 255 00:13:10,540 --> 00:13:12,573 no way to get across the river. 256 00:13:12,667 --> 00:13:14,459 The Army of the Potomac could close in 257 00:13:14,544 --> 00:13:16,628 on him here and crush him. 258 00:13:16,713 --> 00:13:21,674 (thunder booming) (tense music) 259 00:13:25,555 --> 00:13:26,513 - General. 260 00:13:27,682 --> 00:13:30,934 - I've got orders from Washington to march on Lee. 261 00:13:32,187 --> 00:13:33,812 But I won't do the damn thing unless we can 262 00:13:33,897 --> 00:13:36,815 agree here we have a fighting chance to beat him. 263 00:13:36,900 --> 00:13:38,024 - His army's whipped. 264 00:13:38,985 --> 00:13:39,734 Most are wounded. 265 00:13:39,820 --> 00:13:40,777 We can take him. 266 00:13:40,904 --> 00:13:43,071 - General, a wet deserter told us Lee's army's 267 00:13:43,156 --> 00:13:45,907 still mostly intact with plenty of fight left in it. 268 00:13:45,992 --> 00:13:48,076 Probably planning a counterattack right now. 269 00:13:48,161 --> 00:13:51,788 - He probably planted that deserter just to buy time. 270 00:13:51,915 --> 00:13:52,956 Backs to the river. 271 00:13:53,083 --> 00:13:54,082 Strapped. 272 00:13:54,167 --> 00:13:55,616 - That could be for us. 273 00:13:55,710 --> 00:13:56,709 - All right. 274 00:13:58,338 --> 00:13:59,587 We'll hold off for now. 275 00:13:59,673 --> 00:14:00,288 - But General-- 276 00:14:00,382 --> 00:14:01,339 - I said we'll hold off! 277 00:14:05,095 --> 00:14:05,969 - General. 278 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:20,149 - What is Meade talking about? 279 00:14:21,444 --> 00:14:24,145 He says he'll attack the enemy tomorrow. 280 00:14:24,239 --> 00:14:25,989 Unless something intervenes? 281 00:14:28,285 --> 00:14:30,118 This is the time. 282 00:14:30,203 --> 00:14:31,703 He can't let Lee get away. 283 00:14:35,709 --> 00:14:38,659 - But Meade does not arrive at Williamsport 284 00:14:38,753 --> 00:14:40,795 for a number of days. 285 00:14:40,881 --> 00:14:43,464 (tense music) 286 00:15:24,507 --> 00:15:26,382 And when on the morning of July 14th 287 00:15:26,509 --> 00:15:28,042 he is finally ready to attack Lee 288 00:15:28,136 --> 00:15:31,679 he finds that in the night Lee, his engineers 289 00:15:31,765 --> 00:15:34,515 have improvised, the pontoons, the bridges, 290 00:15:34,601 --> 00:15:39,562 the materials, have slipped away across the Potomac 291 00:15:39,689 --> 00:15:43,566 back into Maryland, back into Virginia. 292 00:15:44,611 --> 00:15:45,485 And they're gone. 293 00:15:54,371 --> 00:15:55,370 - Lee was entrenched, all right. 294 00:15:55,455 --> 00:15:57,071 Now he's gone. 295 00:15:57,165 --> 00:15:58,998 His army escaped across the Potomac. 296 00:16:00,710 --> 00:16:02,243 - Meade had him in his grasp. 297 00:16:02,337 --> 00:16:03,419 How could that be? 298 00:16:03,546 --> 00:16:06,255 - He says they've driven the invader from our soil. 299 00:16:06,383 --> 00:16:08,883 - "Driven the invader from our soil"? 300 00:16:10,345 --> 00:16:13,554 Will our generals never get that idea out of their heads? 301 00:16:14,391 --> 00:16:16,724 The whole country is our soil. 302 00:16:18,103 --> 00:16:19,727 (sighs) 303 00:16:23,358 --> 00:16:24,273 What does it mean? 304 00:16:27,529 --> 00:16:28,361 McClellan. 305 00:16:29,322 --> 00:16:30,613 And now Meade. 306 00:16:33,702 --> 00:16:35,118 There's bad faith somewhere. 307 00:16:36,663 --> 00:16:38,612 Our army held the war in the hollow 308 00:16:38,707 --> 00:16:41,040 of their hand and yet they would not close it. 309 00:16:42,585 --> 00:16:45,128 (tense music) 310 00:16:50,301 --> 00:16:53,136 (dramatic music) 311 00:17:17,454 --> 00:17:19,537 I need a second opinion. 312 00:17:23,710 --> 00:17:25,001 "General Meade. 313 00:17:25,962 --> 00:17:28,003 "I am very, very grateful 314 00:17:29,132 --> 00:17:31,674 "for the magnificent success at Gettysburg. 315 00:17:33,094 --> 00:17:36,512 "But I am also immeasurably distressed. 316 00:17:37,807 --> 00:17:42,560 "By the magnitude of misfortune involved in Lee's escape. 317 00:17:44,272 --> 00:17:47,398 "He was within your easy grasp, and to have closed 318 00:17:47,484 --> 00:17:49,734 "upon him would in connection with our 319 00:17:49,819 --> 00:17:52,070 "other late successes have ended the war. 320 00:17:54,491 --> 00:17:58,367 "As it is, the war will be prolonged indefinitely." 321 00:18:08,838 --> 00:18:10,713 Meade was like an old woman trying 322 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:13,091 to shoot the rebels across a crick. 323 00:18:13,176 --> 00:18:14,425 That's not how we win this war. 324 00:18:17,097 --> 00:18:20,473 - "As it is, the war will be prolonged indefinitely." 325 00:18:22,852 --> 00:18:24,685 It's very... 326 00:18:24,771 --> 00:18:27,438 Well, direct. 327 00:18:27,524 --> 00:18:31,400 - There's 50,000 casualties at Gettysburg alone. 328 00:18:31,528 --> 00:18:32,235 50,000. 329 00:18:33,321 --> 00:18:34,821 - More of them on their side. 330 00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:37,240 - They are all Americans. 331 00:18:39,702 --> 00:18:40,827 - Meade did win the battle. 332 00:18:43,706 --> 00:18:47,125 With Vicksburg, things have shifted in our favor. 333 00:18:49,879 --> 00:18:51,671 - Everybody's sick of this war. 334 00:18:54,425 --> 00:18:56,342 Perhaps because of my proclamation. 335 00:18:57,470 --> 00:18:58,344 - Yes. 336 00:19:00,723 --> 00:19:04,183 But you will find the right path forward. 337 00:19:14,154 --> 00:19:15,111 - Don't worry. 338 00:19:17,282 --> 00:19:18,656 I won't send it. 339 00:19:26,207 --> 00:19:28,115 - Lincoln writes this letter to Meade, 340 00:19:28,209 --> 00:19:30,668 which he never sends, in which he says 341 00:19:30,753 --> 00:19:32,837 this was your chance, this was your opportunity. 342 00:19:32,922 --> 00:19:34,630 You had him. 343 00:19:34,757 --> 00:19:38,384 And yet you failed to end this war at this moment. 344 00:19:38,469 --> 00:19:41,295 He never gave up the belief that war 345 00:19:41,389 --> 00:19:45,224 could have been ended in the summer of 1863. 346 00:19:46,394 --> 00:19:48,802 - When he found out that Lee's army had escaped, 347 00:19:48,897 --> 00:19:51,138 that was one of the lowest moments of the war. 348 00:19:51,232 --> 00:19:53,482 Because he felt we had victory within our grasp. 349 00:19:53,610 --> 00:19:55,318 It was in the hollow of our hands. 350 00:19:55,445 --> 00:19:57,361 And then it meant that the war was gonna go on 351 00:19:57,447 --> 00:19:59,989 month after month, year after year. 352 00:20:00,116 --> 00:20:03,367 - McClellan had done this to him after Antietam. 353 00:20:03,453 --> 00:20:05,536 He didn't want to see Meade do it to him. 354 00:20:05,622 --> 00:20:08,623 He didn't want to relive this experience of so many 355 00:20:08,708 --> 00:20:13,753 dead Americans not buying anything with their lives. 356 00:20:16,132 --> 00:20:19,717 - In the north, there was initially this idea, 357 00:20:19,802 --> 00:20:22,336 okay, we've got to maintain the Union. 358 00:20:22,430 --> 00:20:26,224 For most northerners, the war wasn't about slavery. 359 00:20:26,309 --> 00:20:29,176 There was this idea among many people in the north 360 00:20:29,270 --> 00:20:31,520 that this is a war we shouldn't be fighting. 361 00:20:32,941 --> 00:20:34,857 - Lincoln has changed the character of the war. 362 00:20:34,984 --> 00:20:37,360 Which now becomes about emancipation. 363 00:20:38,780 --> 00:20:41,572 Along with this idea means that it also opens up 364 00:20:41,658 --> 00:20:45,576 the opportunity on January 1st, 1863 to now start 365 00:20:45,662 --> 00:20:49,038 to recruit African Americans to serve in uniform. 366 00:20:49,165 --> 00:20:52,250 That they might fight for their own freedom. 367 00:20:52,335 --> 00:20:55,202 - Frederick Douglas has been advocating to allow free men, 368 00:20:55,296 --> 00:20:59,632 and these now contraband enslaved men, to join the army. 369 00:21:00,677 --> 00:21:02,260 And Lincoln agrees. 370 00:21:02,345 --> 00:21:05,045 So the emancipation proclamation actually 371 00:21:05,139 --> 00:21:08,432 establishes the United States colored troops. 372 00:21:08,518 --> 00:21:12,386 Lincoln is moved to understanding and belief 373 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,815 in what the nation could and should be despite 374 00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:19,986 his own prejudices and concerns when he starts. 375 00:21:20,071 --> 00:21:23,990 He is wise enough to know that he has them. 376 00:21:25,159 --> 00:21:27,618 And wise enough to know that his nation 377 00:21:27,704 --> 00:21:29,787 needs to move beyond them. 378 00:21:29,872 --> 00:21:33,291 The fear is if we have trained black men, 379 00:21:33,376 --> 00:21:37,253 who then have the potential to train other black men, 380 00:21:37,380 --> 00:21:40,756 we have insurrection and that's how the south viewed it. 381 00:21:40,883 --> 00:21:42,925 When they sent their response 382 00:21:43,052 --> 00:21:45,177 to the emancipation proclamation, 383 00:21:45,263 --> 00:21:48,139 they issued it as you have fomented 384 00:21:48,224 --> 00:21:51,225 insurrection among our Negroes. 385 00:21:51,311 --> 00:21:54,520 Therefore, any slaves who dared do this, 386 00:21:54,605 --> 00:21:57,398 they were caught, were gonna be put to death. 387 00:21:57,483 --> 00:22:00,100 - And this led Lincoln to issue his strong 388 00:22:00,194 --> 00:22:03,070 retaliatory order against the Confederacy. 389 00:22:04,115 --> 00:22:06,774 - Lincoln made the decision that for every 390 00:22:06,868 --> 00:22:09,285 black person that was captured, 391 00:22:09,412 --> 00:22:11,612 who was being executed, that there 392 00:22:11,706 --> 00:22:14,999 would be one Confederate that had been 393 00:22:15,084 --> 00:22:16,792 captured and would be executed. 394 00:22:17,879 --> 00:22:19,962 - But Douglas is frustrated that Lincoln 395 00:22:20,089 --> 00:22:23,799 is not really enforcing his retaliation order. 396 00:22:25,094 --> 00:22:28,179 - Frederick Douglas understood that black men 397 00:22:28,264 --> 00:22:30,631 would fight with the power because 398 00:22:30,725 --> 00:22:33,059 they're fighting for their own freedom. 399 00:22:34,228 --> 00:22:38,305 - But they didn't get equal pay until 1864. 400 00:22:38,399 --> 00:22:42,026 They were not able to command their own units. 401 00:22:42,111 --> 00:22:46,030 Those us colored troops were commanded by white men. 402 00:22:47,408 --> 00:22:50,150 - Douglas was unhappy about the mistreatment 403 00:22:50,244 --> 00:22:52,078 of black soldiers in the Union Army. 404 00:22:52,163 --> 00:22:54,789 And so he said I'm gonna go and talk to the president. 405 00:23:00,713 --> 00:23:04,090 (footsteps approaching) 406 00:23:08,012 --> 00:23:09,887 - [Secretary] Mr. Douglas. 407 00:23:09,972 --> 00:23:11,889 The president will see you right away. 408 00:23:17,647 --> 00:23:20,189 (tense music) 409 00:23:33,037 --> 00:23:33,911 - Mr. President. 410 00:23:34,914 --> 00:23:36,080 I'm Frederick-- 411 00:23:36,165 --> 00:23:37,456 - I know who you are, Mr. Douglas. 412 00:23:39,627 --> 00:23:40,626 I'm glad to see you. 413 00:23:45,466 --> 00:23:46,465 Have a seat. 414 00:23:49,804 --> 00:23:51,303 I read your recent article. 415 00:23:52,682 --> 00:23:55,933 About the tardy, hesitating, vacillating policy 416 00:23:56,018 --> 00:23:58,102 of the President of the United States. 417 00:23:59,647 --> 00:24:03,315 Tardy and hesitating perhaps, but vacillating? 418 00:24:04,610 --> 00:24:06,560 - I tend to speak my mind. 419 00:24:06,654 --> 00:24:08,737 - Well I admire that. 420 00:24:09,866 --> 00:24:11,615 I expect it's what you're here for. 421 00:24:11,701 --> 00:24:12,575 - It is. 422 00:24:15,163 --> 00:24:18,747 Mr. President, when I persuade men to enlist, 423 00:24:18,875 --> 00:24:20,416 I want to do it with my heart. 424 00:24:21,544 --> 00:24:23,419 But I cannot in good conscience recruit 425 00:24:23,546 --> 00:24:25,337 for the Union Army any longer. 426 00:24:26,632 --> 00:24:28,340 First there was the issue of pay. 427 00:24:29,218 --> 00:24:31,343 Now the retaliatory order. 428 00:24:31,429 --> 00:24:33,345 And your response? 429 00:24:33,431 --> 00:24:35,097 It's too little too late. 430 00:24:35,224 --> 00:24:37,099 My own sons are fighting as if they 431 00:24:37,226 --> 00:24:38,851 have halters around their necks. 432 00:24:42,857 --> 00:24:45,858 - I am in a difficult position, Mr. Douglas. 433 00:24:47,403 --> 00:24:50,070 If I could find the rebels responsible 434 00:24:50,156 --> 00:24:52,698 for acting out those orders I could execute them. 435 00:24:55,203 --> 00:24:57,369 But to kill just any captured rebel? 436 00:24:58,748 --> 00:25:00,664 You'll agree that there's a difference between 437 00:25:00,750 --> 00:25:04,043 stating a principle and putting it into practice. 438 00:25:05,546 --> 00:25:07,463 And had I issued the order any sooner 439 00:25:07,590 --> 00:25:10,549 there would've been a public outcry against the measure. 440 00:25:12,261 --> 00:25:14,637 But now that the black soldiers have proven 441 00:25:14,764 --> 00:25:18,390 themselves at Milliken's Bend and Fort Wagner, 442 00:25:19,810 --> 00:25:21,227 public opinion's changing. 443 00:25:22,522 --> 00:25:25,397 So you see, I had to wait. 444 00:25:28,569 --> 00:25:32,696 - You say all this, but I hear only one word. 445 00:25:34,158 --> 00:25:35,032 Wait. 446 00:25:36,118 --> 00:25:37,785 Wait for equal pay. 447 00:25:37,870 --> 00:25:39,036 Wait for justice. 448 00:25:40,957 --> 00:25:45,334 When we're done waiting, what will be left of us? 449 00:25:47,630 --> 00:25:49,046 - You're right, Mr. Douglas. 450 00:25:51,509 --> 00:25:52,591 But you must know. 451 00:25:54,136 --> 00:25:55,052 It will come. 452 00:25:56,138 --> 00:25:59,890 Once I take a position, I never retreat from it. 453 00:25:59,976 --> 00:26:02,518 (tense music) 454 00:26:16,409 --> 00:26:19,952 (crowd chatter) (dramatic music) 455 00:26:21,998 --> 00:26:24,290 (crowd applauds) 456 00:26:24,375 --> 00:26:25,666 Hello. 457 00:26:25,751 --> 00:26:26,867 Hello. 458 00:26:26,961 --> 00:26:28,586 Pleasure to meet you as well. 459 00:26:28,671 --> 00:26:30,004 Hello, what's your name? 460 00:26:30,089 --> 00:26:30,838 - Emiya. 461 00:26:30,923 --> 00:26:31,538 - Emiya. 462 00:26:31,632 --> 00:26:32,673 What a beautiful name. 463 00:26:32,758 --> 00:26:33,591 Hello. 464 00:26:33,676 --> 00:26:35,342 How's it's going? 465 00:26:35,428 --> 00:26:36,427 Good to see you. 466 00:26:36,512 --> 00:26:37,428 Hello. 467 00:26:37,513 --> 00:26:38,596 Pleasure to meet you. 468 00:26:38,681 --> 00:26:39,546 Hello. 469 00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:40,714 - You're even taller than they say. 470 00:26:40,808 --> 00:26:41,890 - And better looking. 471 00:26:44,020 --> 00:26:47,479 I hear you had the rebels here this past summer. 472 00:26:47,565 --> 00:26:48,731 Did you fight them any? 473 00:26:51,611 --> 00:26:54,069 - I had three sons fighting them. 474 00:26:55,615 --> 00:26:56,488 - They come home? 475 00:26:57,950 --> 00:26:59,074 - Two of them. 476 00:27:02,997 --> 00:27:03,996 - Thank you. 477 00:27:06,542 --> 00:27:09,668 You have done our country a great service. 478 00:27:12,340 --> 00:27:13,756 - Thank you. 479 00:27:19,221 --> 00:27:21,805 - Gettysburg will always remain a kind of, 480 00:27:21,891 --> 00:27:23,924 bright moment for Lincoln. 481 00:27:24,018 --> 00:27:28,762 A great victory just when it was so badly needed. 482 00:27:28,856 --> 00:27:30,764 And when, in the wake of the battle, 483 00:27:30,858 --> 00:27:33,359 people at Gettysburg begin planning 484 00:27:33,444 --> 00:27:35,486 for the creation of a national cemetery 485 00:27:35,571 --> 00:27:37,821 for the fallen Union soldiers there, 486 00:27:37,907 --> 00:27:41,075 they extended an invitation to him to participate. 487 00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:42,442 And he agrees. 488 00:27:42,536 --> 00:27:47,623 Now Lincoln very rarely strayed outside of Washington, DC. 489 00:27:48,918 --> 00:27:51,502 That he would take the trouble to come to Gettysburg 490 00:27:51,587 --> 00:27:53,954 to speak said a great deal about 491 00:27:54,048 --> 00:27:57,424 how important Gettysburg was to him as a symbol. 492 00:27:57,510 --> 00:28:00,844 He arrived there on November 18th. 493 00:28:00,930 --> 00:28:03,964 Already the town was swollen with crowds. 494 00:28:04,058 --> 00:28:06,684 10 to 15,000 people packed into 495 00:28:06,769 --> 00:28:10,137 this little town of no more than 2,500. 496 00:28:10,231 --> 00:28:13,140 A great platform had been constructed. 497 00:28:13,234 --> 00:28:16,151 And the next day, crowd formed a great 498 00:28:16,278 --> 00:28:18,946 half circle around the platform. 499 00:28:19,031 --> 00:28:22,366 There was music, there were choirs. 500 00:28:22,451 --> 00:28:24,535 The United States Marine band played. 501 00:28:27,581 --> 00:28:29,832 And the master of ceremonies simply said 502 00:28:29,959 --> 00:28:32,084 "The President of the United States." 503 00:28:55,776 --> 00:28:59,853 - Four score and seven years ago, our fathers 504 00:28:59,947 --> 00:29:04,533 brought forth on this continent a new nation. 505 00:29:05,953 --> 00:29:09,621 Conceived in liberty, and dedicated 506 00:29:09,707 --> 00:29:13,867 to the proposition that all men are created equal. 507 00:29:13,961 --> 00:29:17,463 (audience applauds) 508 00:29:17,548 --> 00:29:21,550 Now we are engaged in a great civil war. 509 00:29:24,180 --> 00:29:28,882 Testing whether that nation, or any nation 510 00:29:28,976 --> 00:29:33,395 so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. 511 00:29:36,025 --> 00:29:38,984 We are met on a great battlefield of that war. 512 00:29:40,905 --> 00:29:44,564 We have come to dedicate a portion 513 00:29:44,658 --> 00:29:48,494 of that field as a final resting place. 514 00:29:49,622 --> 00:29:52,998 For those who here gave their lives 515 00:29:53,083 --> 00:29:55,000 that that nation might live. 516 00:29:57,546 --> 00:30:01,924 It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 517 00:30:05,888 --> 00:30:09,923 But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. 518 00:30:10,017 --> 00:30:12,643 We cannot consecrate. 519 00:30:12,728 --> 00:30:15,771 We cannot hallow this ground. 520 00:30:15,898 --> 00:30:20,776 The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here 521 00:30:20,903 --> 00:30:23,403 have consecrated it far beyond 522 00:30:23,489 --> 00:30:27,282 our poor power to add or detract. 523 00:30:27,409 --> 00:30:30,452 (audience applauds) 524 00:30:33,707 --> 00:30:35,541 The world will little note, 525 00:30:36,752 --> 00:30:38,544 nor long remember what we say here. 526 00:30:40,464 --> 00:30:42,881 But it can never forget what they did here. 527 00:30:43,926 --> 00:30:46,969 (audience applauds) 528 00:30:52,601 --> 00:30:56,395 It is for us the living, rather, 529 00:30:58,274 --> 00:31:03,318 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work. 530 00:31:04,363 --> 00:31:06,446 Which they who fought here 531 00:31:06,532 --> 00:31:09,491 have thus far so nobly advanced. 532 00:31:12,037 --> 00:31:17,082 It is rather for us to be here dedicated. 533 00:31:19,461 --> 00:31:22,004 To the great task remaining before us. 534 00:31:25,801 --> 00:31:29,928 That from these honored dead we take 535 00:31:30,014 --> 00:31:34,933 increased devotion to that cause for which 536 00:31:35,019 --> 00:31:38,186 they gave their last full measure of devotion. 537 00:31:41,984 --> 00:31:47,520 We here highly resolve that these dead 538 00:31:47,615 --> 00:31:49,281 shall not have died in vain! 539 00:31:51,285 --> 00:31:54,578 That this nation, under God, 540 00:31:55,706 --> 00:31:57,623 shall have a new birth of freedom! 541 00:32:00,461 --> 00:32:05,464 And the government of the people, by the people, 542 00:32:06,842 --> 00:32:11,470 for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 543 00:32:13,974 --> 00:32:16,975 (audience applauds) 544 00:32:28,072 --> 00:32:33,158 - It's this tiny little speech, 272 words, 545 00:32:33,243 --> 00:32:35,577 yet it distilled all of the truths 546 00:32:35,704 --> 00:32:37,120 that he'd been thinking about, 547 00:32:37,206 --> 00:32:39,790 including the tragic truth that a great 548 00:32:39,875 --> 00:32:42,409 many brave young men on both sides 549 00:32:42,503 --> 00:32:46,046 killed each other to make this a better country. 550 00:32:46,131 --> 00:32:48,966 And the best way to honor their sacrifice 551 00:32:49,051 --> 00:32:53,345 is to recognize that democracy, in its purest form, 552 00:32:53,430 --> 00:32:58,475 is for all people no matter what their background is. 553 00:32:59,144 --> 00:33:02,595 - Lincoln took people to the past, to 1776, 554 00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:04,106 and the Declaration of Independence 555 00:33:04,233 --> 00:33:06,433 and its proposition. 556 00:33:06,527 --> 00:33:09,820 Then to the present, to this great Civil War 557 00:33:09,905 --> 00:33:12,772 that we are engaged in, testing whether 558 00:33:12,866 --> 00:33:15,325 that nation or any nation so conceived 559 00:33:15,411 --> 00:33:18,611 and so dedicated can long endure. 560 00:33:18,706 --> 00:33:23,417 And a proposition that all men are created equal 561 00:33:23,502 --> 00:33:26,453 irrespective of their birth, their class, 562 00:33:26,547 --> 00:33:29,089 their nation, their religion, their language. 563 00:33:29,174 --> 00:33:31,883 Can a nation dedicated to that proposition 564 00:33:31,969 --> 00:33:36,138 really, really seriously survive? 565 00:33:37,516 --> 00:33:40,967 And with this crucial phrase "a new birth of freedom" 566 00:33:41,061 --> 00:33:45,355 he was signaling not only the emancipation proclamation, 567 00:33:45,441 --> 00:33:48,525 but he seemed to be confessing a new birth 568 00:33:48,610 --> 00:33:51,028 of something inside of him too. 569 00:33:51,113 --> 00:33:54,814 A little bit like a religious rebirth. 570 00:33:54,908 --> 00:33:58,160 You see a Lincoln who is dragging his feet about slavery 571 00:33:58,287 --> 00:34:00,245 at the beginning of his presidency was in fact 572 00:34:00,330 --> 00:34:04,082 promising not to touch it where it existed, 573 00:34:04,168 --> 00:34:06,460 and was always disappointing Frederick Douglas 574 00:34:06,545 --> 00:34:11,255 or white abolitionists, is now moving pretty quickly. 575 00:34:12,634 --> 00:34:14,717 - Lincoln has changed the character of the war. 576 00:34:14,803 --> 00:34:17,846 It now becomes an idea of emancipation. 577 00:34:22,561 --> 00:34:24,061 (dramatic music) 578 00:34:24,146 --> 00:34:26,563 - There were so many people dying, from being killed 579 00:34:26,648 --> 00:34:30,650 on the battlefield and from the illnesses that people had, 580 00:34:32,196 --> 00:34:35,355 that there was an aura of sadness and stress 581 00:34:35,449 --> 00:34:39,159 that Lincoln was under for the entire time of the war. 582 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:43,080 - Lincoln is experiencing the losses 583 00:34:43,165 --> 00:34:47,793 on the southern side of this equation, in his own family, 584 00:34:47,878 --> 00:34:49,795 because Mary's family came from the south. 585 00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:53,340 And her people were fighting on the Confederate side. 586 00:34:53,425 --> 00:34:55,759 Mary's sister Emilie has lost her husband Ben 587 00:34:55,844 --> 00:34:57,302 whom Lincoln was very close to. 588 00:34:57,387 --> 00:34:59,638 He was in the Confederate Army, and she comes 589 00:34:59,723 --> 00:35:03,350 to visit Washington in the winter of 1863. 590 00:35:04,728 --> 00:35:08,721 - [Senator] So where are you visiting from, Mrs. Helm? 591 00:35:08,816 --> 00:35:11,316 - My daughter and I were living in Selma, Alabama. 592 00:35:12,152 --> 00:35:13,193 - Alabama? 593 00:35:13,278 --> 00:35:14,236 - Yes. 594 00:35:14,363 --> 00:35:17,030 Her husband was killed at Chickamauga. 595 00:35:17,116 --> 00:35:18,365 - My condolences. 596 00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:20,033 He was a soldier? 597 00:35:21,662 --> 00:35:22,869 - A Confederate general. 598 00:35:27,751 --> 00:35:31,244 - Well I heard we whipped the rebels so good at Chickamauga 599 00:35:31,338 --> 00:35:33,880 they went running like scared little rabbits. 600 00:35:33,966 --> 00:35:34,914 (men chuckling) 601 00:35:35,008 --> 00:35:36,583 - Perhaps they were following the example 602 00:35:36,677 --> 00:35:38,802 of your brave federals at Manassas. 603 00:35:41,682 --> 00:35:42,722 - Ah, Mr. President. 604 00:35:43,851 --> 00:35:46,852 I see your sister-in-law has quite a sharp tongue. 605 00:35:47,855 --> 00:35:50,355 - Well she is tired after all. 606 00:35:51,441 --> 00:35:54,359 - But tell me again why Robert isn't fighting. 607 00:35:56,321 --> 00:35:57,863 - Because I won't let him. 608 00:35:57,948 --> 00:36:00,323 I value education above all else, General. 609 00:36:00,409 --> 00:36:03,034 - Todds have suffered a great deal in this war. 610 00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:04,536 - It's not a war. 611 00:36:04,621 --> 00:36:05,495 It's a rebellion. 612 00:36:07,082 --> 00:36:09,207 I only have the one son. 613 00:36:09,293 --> 00:36:10,292 And he's fighting. 614 00:36:11,253 --> 00:36:14,120 Even if I had 20, they'd all be out there. 615 00:36:14,214 --> 00:36:15,455 Fighting the rebels. 616 00:36:15,549 --> 00:36:18,216 - Rest assured Senator, if I had 20 sons 617 00:36:18,302 --> 00:36:20,468 they would all be opposing yours. 618 00:36:21,597 --> 00:36:23,930 You Yankees talk about freedom, but take ours. 619 00:36:24,016 --> 00:36:27,726 - You rebs talk freedom, but you keep slaves. 620 00:36:27,811 --> 00:36:30,103 - Honestly, Mr. President, I don't know why 621 00:36:30,189 --> 00:36:31,938 you let a woman like this in your house. 622 00:36:32,024 --> 00:36:35,066 - General Sickles, my wife and I are quite capable 623 00:36:35,152 --> 00:36:37,360 of choosing our own guests without any help. 624 00:36:39,781 --> 00:36:41,481 - He's able to see what the war 625 00:36:41,575 --> 00:36:42,982 is doing to the Southern people, 626 00:36:43,076 --> 00:36:45,285 to feel that himself, in a way that 627 00:36:45,370 --> 00:36:46,912 a lot of people in the border states did 628 00:36:46,997 --> 00:36:49,155 'cause they had families that were divided. 629 00:36:49,249 --> 00:36:51,157 So that empathy that he always feels 630 00:36:51,251 --> 00:36:53,585 for other people's points of view that's in him 631 00:36:53,670 --> 00:36:56,880 as a child is amplified in a way by having 632 00:36:56,965 --> 00:37:00,258 to experience Mary's pain when her sister comes. 633 00:37:00,344 --> 00:37:01,885 It just gives him an extra dimension 634 00:37:01,970 --> 00:37:03,503 that I think allows him to understand 635 00:37:03,597 --> 00:37:06,306 what's happening on all sides of the country. 636 00:37:06,391 --> 00:37:08,007 - And Robert from the very outset 637 00:37:08,101 --> 00:37:09,842 of the war had wanted to serve. 638 00:37:09,937 --> 00:37:13,438 This was a battle between Abraham Lincoln and his wife. 639 00:37:13,523 --> 00:37:15,398 She had already lost a son before 640 00:37:15,484 --> 00:37:17,150 they came to the White House. 641 00:37:17,236 --> 00:37:19,519 After she lost Willie she was even wilder 642 00:37:19,613 --> 00:37:23,022 because Robert, he was determined to enlist. 643 00:37:23,116 --> 00:37:24,616 Mary put a stop to it. 644 00:37:24,701 --> 00:37:28,027 Told his father he could not allow this. 645 00:37:28,121 --> 00:37:30,363 - Lincoln is trying to balance a lot 646 00:37:30,457 --> 00:37:32,749 of different pieces of the puzzle. 647 00:37:32,834 --> 00:37:35,702 After Vicksburg, after Gettysburg, 648 00:37:35,796 --> 00:37:38,088 he's elated to some extent. 649 00:37:38,173 --> 00:37:40,707 He sees that it's possible that the war 650 00:37:40,801 --> 00:37:44,261 may be able to come to an end. 651 00:37:44,346 --> 00:37:46,429 - We tend to think of the Civil War's 652 00:37:46,515 --> 00:37:48,640 decisive areas as in the east, 653 00:37:48,725 --> 00:37:52,185 but the west arguably was more decisive. 654 00:37:52,271 --> 00:37:56,022 And out of the west rose one general, Ulysses Grant. 655 00:37:56,108 --> 00:37:59,392 Grant was almost everything that McClellan wasn't. 656 00:37:59,486 --> 00:38:01,561 He was very, very aggressive. 657 00:38:01,655 --> 00:38:03,896 Grant believed that you had to pummel 658 00:38:03,991 --> 00:38:07,158 the south into submission because they had proven 659 00:38:07,244 --> 00:38:09,619 that they were not gonna give up. 660 00:38:09,705 --> 00:38:11,738 - Out in the Western Theater, the Army of the Cumberland 661 00:38:11,832 --> 00:38:13,957 will lose at the battle of Chickamauga. 662 00:38:15,043 --> 00:38:17,127 They'll be driven back into Chattanooga. 663 00:38:17,212 --> 00:38:19,462 Confederate Army will advance and cut them off. 664 00:38:19,548 --> 00:38:21,298 To rescue that army, the responsibility 665 00:38:21,383 --> 00:38:23,550 is given to Ulysses S. Grant. 666 00:38:23,635 --> 00:38:26,177 He will counterattack and drive the Confederates back, 667 00:38:26,263 --> 00:38:28,555 now opening an invasion to the deep south. 668 00:38:28,640 --> 00:38:31,057 Grant's ability to combine the activities 669 00:38:31,143 --> 00:38:33,643 of three armies together is really the last 670 00:38:33,729 --> 00:38:35,645 metric that Lincoln needs to go 671 00:38:35,731 --> 00:38:38,097 that's the man we need to run the war. 672 00:38:38,191 --> 00:38:41,267 And he will bring him east in March of 1864. 673 00:38:41,361 --> 00:38:42,277 To be anointed the first 674 00:38:42,404 --> 00:38:45,104 Lieutenant General of the regular army. 675 00:38:45,198 --> 00:38:47,240 The first since George Washington. 676 00:38:49,369 --> 00:38:50,827 - It's Ohio isn't it? 677 00:38:50,912 --> 00:38:52,537 - [Ulysses] Yes sir. 678 00:38:52,622 --> 00:38:54,205 Spent time in Missouri too. 679 00:38:55,292 --> 00:38:56,115 - Oh. 680 00:38:56,209 --> 00:38:57,500 What did your father do? 681 00:38:58,545 --> 00:38:59,669 - He was a tanner, Mr. President. 682 00:38:59,755 --> 00:39:00,754 He owned a tannery. 683 00:39:01,840 --> 00:39:03,256 Can't say I liked it much. 684 00:39:04,384 --> 00:39:05,091 The smell. 685 00:39:07,387 --> 00:39:09,262 - Yeah, I shot a turkey as a boy. 686 00:39:10,766 --> 00:39:12,131 I hated it. 687 00:39:12,225 --> 00:39:13,683 I vowed never to do it again. 688 00:39:15,062 --> 00:39:16,895 So you don't care for the smell of blood, 689 00:39:16,980 --> 00:39:19,522 and I don't like the sight of it, yet here we are. 690 00:39:20,609 --> 00:39:21,775 You've worked around animals, you know 691 00:39:21,860 --> 00:39:23,902 as well as anyone that a quick end 692 00:39:23,987 --> 00:39:26,479 is far better than a long and painful one. 693 00:39:26,573 --> 00:39:27,697 Some of my generals don't seem 694 00:39:27,783 --> 00:39:29,366 to understand that philosophy. 695 00:39:30,786 --> 00:39:33,820 Now I've been studying for a while now, General. 696 00:39:33,914 --> 00:39:36,823 Discuss various plans with how we can stand. 697 00:39:36,917 --> 00:39:38,541 I'd like to start with a campaign engagement-- 698 00:39:38,627 --> 00:39:40,919 - Mr. President, I appreciate 699 00:39:41,004 --> 00:39:43,129 all this, but I have my own plan. 700 00:39:44,549 --> 00:39:47,092 We have better numbers, better artillery. 701 00:39:47,177 --> 00:39:48,551 We control ports. 702 00:39:49,679 --> 00:39:51,721 We're also fighting for the better cause. 703 00:39:54,142 --> 00:39:57,844 What we must do is attack from these positions. 704 00:39:57,938 --> 00:39:58,978 All at once. 705 00:40:00,315 --> 00:40:04,016 Army of the Potomac will March on Lee in Central Virginia. 706 00:40:04,111 --> 00:40:06,778 Butler will move on in from the James. 707 00:40:06,863 --> 00:40:08,688 Sherman will move into Georgia and Siegel 708 00:40:08,782 --> 00:40:11,157 will work the Shenandoah cutting off supplies. 709 00:40:13,078 --> 00:40:13,827 - Yes. 710 00:40:15,539 --> 00:40:17,330 Pin them down on all sides. 711 00:40:17,416 --> 00:40:19,999 Anybody who can't do the skinning will hold the leg. 712 00:40:21,461 --> 00:40:23,753 - I believe that will give you the quick end you want. 713 00:40:25,674 --> 00:40:28,875 - Well I have heard promises before from my generals. 714 00:40:28,969 --> 00:40:30,468 - Maybe so sir, but I mean it. 715 00:40:31,805 --> 00:40:33,379 I have no desire for this war to go on 716 00:40:33,473 --> 00:40:35,014 a minute longer than it has to. 717 00:40:36,184 --> 00:40:38,184 - Well we have that in common. 718 00:40:40,647 --> 00:40:43,106 I have a feeling I won't be needing these anymore. 719 00:40:46,027 --> 00:40:47,059 - [Barton] Abraham Lincoln goes through 720 00:40:47,154 --> 00:40:51,397 six generals before he finds Ulysses S. Grant. 721 00:40:51,491 --> 00:40:52,899 - They're both from the Midwest. 722 00:40:52,993 --> 00:40:54,284 They're both incredibly practical. 723 00:40:54,369 --> 00:40:56,035 They quickly adapt. 724 00:40:56,121 --> 00:40:58,621 Ulysses S. Grant is a man who takes responsibilities 725 00:40:58,707 --> 00:41:01,332 and doesn't ask for any more than he can give. 726 00:41:01,418 --> 00:41:04,461 I think in that sense they see the world very much the same. 727 00:41:04,546 --> 00:41:05,962 The idea that somebody is rebelling 728 00:41:06,047 --> 00:41:07,839 and gonna tear the nation apart. 729 00:41:07,924 --> 00:41:10,416 This Grant has no time for. 730 00:41:10,510 --> 00:41:11,551 Neither does Lincoln. 731 00:41:13,013 --> 00:41:14,921 - Lincoln really appreciated 732 00:41:15,015 --> 00:41:18,725 the way Grant thought about war. 733 00:41:18,810 --> 00:41:21,928 To Grant, it wasn't a gentleman's game. 734 00:41:22,022 --> 00:41:23,563 The point of war was to win. 735 00:41:25,192 --> 00:41:26,599 - [Barton] Grant attaches himself 736 00:41:26,693 --> 00:41:27,934 to the Army of the Potomac. 737 00:41:28,028 --> 00:41:29,903 And at the beginning of May, 1864, 738 00:41:29,988 --> 00:41:32,780 they fight a vicious battle in the wilderness 739 00:41:32,908 --> 00:41:35,441 of Spotsylvania Courthouse in Northern Virginia 740 00:41:35,535 --> 00:41:37,785 as Grant begins what becomes 741 00:41:37,913 --> 00:41:39,829 known as his Overland campaign. 742 00:41:50,091 --> 00:41:52,842 (dramatic music) 743 00:42:01,853 --> 00:42:02,810 - Sir. 744 00:42:03,939 --> 00:42:06,272 Should I instruct General Hancock to fall back? 745 00:42:07,984 --> 00:42:08,983 - No. 746 00:42:10,320 --> 00:42:13,196 We're gonna send his corps in and assault them at the angle. 747 00:42:14,241 --> 00:42:16,115 - All 20,000, sir? 748 00:42:20,205 --> 00:42:21,079 Of course, sir. 749 00:42:21,164 --> 00:42:22,121 I'll let him know. 750 00:42:23,959 --> 00:42:26,543 And Washington is waiting for any news. 751 00:42:29,422 --> 00:42:30,213 - I don't have news. 752 00:42:33,885 --> 00:42:36,636 - The president himself is asking, sir. 753 00:42:53,154 --> 00:42:54,520 - Send this. 754 00:42:54,614 --> 00:42:55,446 - Yes sir. 755 00:43:00,870 --> 00:43:03,029 - [Caroline] In the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, 756 00:43:03,123 --> 00:43:05,790 there was such a massive bloodletting. 757 00:43:05,875 --> 00:43:07,033 - [Barton] You see some of the worst 758 00:43:07,127 --> 00:43:10,036 and most deadly fighting of the American Civil War. 759 00:43:10,130 --> 00:43:11,212 Hand-to-hand combat. 760 00:43:11,339 --> 00:43:15,008 You have utter viciousness on a level that had 761 00:43:15,093 --> 00:43:17,969 not been previously even seen in the Eastern Theater. 762 00:43:21,516 --> 00:43:22,807 - What does Grant write? 763 00:43:24,394 --> 00:43:25,810 Are there many casualties? 764 00:43:27,647 --> 00:43:29,522 - There are a great many casualties. 765 00:43:32,527 --> 00:43:34,727 And writes he proposes to fight it out 766 00:43:34,821 --> 00:43:36,946 on this line if it takes all summer. 767 00:43:42,537 --> 00:43:44,871 But he's not gonna come back until it's done. 768 00:43:46,082 --> 00:43:48,625 (tense music) 769 00:43:51,338 --> 00:43:54,589 - [Barton] 100,000 casualties roughly occurred 770 00:43:54,716 --> 00:43:57,008 in the span of six weeks' time 771 00:43:57,093 --> 00:43:59,177 between the Union and Confederate armies. 772 00:43:59,262 --> 00:44:03,556 This brings the northern war effort to its knees. 773 00:44:05,727 --> 00:44:07,927 - The losses that are suffered. 774 00:44:08,021 --> 00:44:10,596 The casualty figures. 775 00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:14,484 He says "If there is a worse place than Hell, I am in it." 776 00:44:14,569 --> 00:44:16,736 And he wondered out loud to others. 777 00:44:18,198 --> 00:44:20,823 Whether he would live very long beyond the war. 778 00:44:22,035 --> 00:44:24,202 Given how much the war had taken out of him. 779 00:44:25,497 --> 00:44:28,498 - After the Overland campaign, Wilderness, 780 00:44:28,583 --> 00:44:32,210 Spotsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor. 781 00:44:32,295 --> 00:44:33,920 This is the campaign in the Eastern Theater 782 00:44:34,005 --> 00:44:37,340 Lincoln hopes will help him win the election of 1864. 783 00:44:37,425 --> 00:44:40,176 However, as those casually lists are going home, 784 00:44:40,261 --> 00:44:42,428 voters are seeing those casualty lists. 785 00:44:42,514 --> 00:44:44,463 And you'd have to ask yourself is Lincoln 786 00:44:44,557 --> 00:44:47,299 closer or further from winning the election. 787 00:44:47,394 --> 00:44:49,102 Arguably he's further. 788 00:44:49,187 --> 00:44:51,396 He can't sustain these kind of casualties. 789 00:44:52,732 --> 00:44:55,024 - [Mary] Grant sent those men to their death. 790 00:44:56,277 --> 00:44:58,277 - He's the first real General I've had. 791 00:44:59,406 --> 00:45:02,198 - So many boys, he just throws them in. 792 00:45:04,119 --> 00:45:05,818 - That's war, Mary. 793 00:45:05,912 --> 00:45:08,454 - Well then there must be a smarter way to win it. 794 00:45:08,540 --> 00:45:11,791 To achieve a victory than through cold-blooded murder. 795 00:45:13,712 --> 00:45:15,461 - What are you trying to tell me? 796 00:45:17,632 --> 00:45:19,132 - I don't blame you. 797 00:45:21,845 --> 00:45:22,802 - Glad to hear it. 798 00:45:24,973 --> 00:45:28,224 - But I am thinking of all the young men out there. 799 00:45:30,353 --> 00:45:31,060 And of Robert. 800 00:45:34,315 --> 00:45:35,982 - Is Robert gonna be a soldier? 801 00:45:37,026 --> 00:45:37,734 - No. 802 00:45:39,612 --> 00:45:41,154 I know he'll ask you again. 803 00:45:43,742 --> 00:45:44,866 - And what can I tell him? 804 00:45:46,202 --> 00:45:48,411 Other men in Washington have sons fighting. 805 00:45:50,832 --> 00:45:55,001 - But other women haven't lost two sons already. 806 00:45:57,464 --> 00:46:00,465 Please don't let him go. 807 00:46:00,550 --> 00:46:03,092 (tense music) 808 00:46:07,140 --> 00:46:08,306 - The pressures that Lincoln 809 00:46:08,391 --> 00:46:11,058 is under in that period are enormous. 810 00:46:11,186 --> 00:46:13,352 He couldn't sleep at night, and his only 811 00:46:13,438 --> 00:46:16,189 solace was to be able to pardon soldiers. 812 00:46:16,274 --> 00:46:18,483 Somehow by being able to pardon a soldier 813 00:46:18,568 --> 00:46:21,611 who was going to be killed or hanged 814 00:46:21,696 --> 00:46:23,446 for having run away from battle, 815 00:46:23,531 --> 00:46:25,531 or having fallen asleep on picket duty, 816 00:46:25,617 --> 00:46:27,825 he would know the happiness that the pardon 817 00:46:27,911 --> 00:46:29,869 would bring to his family and it would give 818 00:46:29,954 --> 00:46:32,738 the soldier a second chance to get his respect back, 819 00:46:32,832 --> 00:46:35,541 go back in the army, and have served his cause. 820 00:46:36,878 --> 00:46:39,670 - After Cold Harbor Grant changes his approach. 821 00:46:39,756 --> 00:46:41,247 Crosses over the James, will threaten 822 00:46:41,341 --> 00:46:42,915 both Richmond and Petersburg. 823 00:46:43,009 --> 00:46:44,967 It will now have to turn into a siege. 824 00:46:46,012 --> 00:46:48,471 If he can pin Robert E. Lee down, 825 00:46:48,556 --> 00:46:49,722 Robert E. Lee who can't maneuver 826 00:46:49,808 --> 00:46:52,258 is not a dangerous Robert E. Lee. 827 00:46:52,352 --> 00:46:54,811 - Now Lee understands that he had to do 828 00:46:54,896 --> 00:46:57,429 something to put pressure on the north. 829 00:46:57,524 --> 00:47:00,766 - [Doug] On June 13th, 1864, Robert E. Lee unleashed 830 00:47:00,860 --> 00:47:04,103 Major General Jubal Early up the Shenandoah Valley. 831 00:47:04,197 --> 00:47:06,906 If the Confederates could threaten Washington DC, 832 00:47:06,991 --> 00:47:09,659 it would force Ulysses S. Grant to pull Union troops 833 00:47:09,744 --> 00:47:12,495 from their efforts around Richmond and Petersburg. 834 00:47:13,706 --> 00:47:17,792 - It's a very very scary moment for the north. 835 00:47:17,919 --> 00:47:20,294 And so Lincoln goes to Fort Stevens 836 00:47:20,421 --> 00:47:23,956 to inspire not only his troops, but the north 837 00:47:24,050 --> 00:47:27,510 that was more and more down on the war. 838 00:47:28,429 --> 00:47:30,096 He really could've been shot. 839 00:47:30,181 --> 00:47:32,348 So for Lincoln to go up there and actually 840 00:47:32,433 --> 00:47:37,520 expose himself reveals that old frontier guts. 841 00:47:38,398 --> 00:47:41,274 There was a side of Lincoln that was fearless. 842 00:47:42,569 --> 00:47:44,777 (gunfire) 843 00:47:46,781 --> 00:47:47,864 - Gentlemen. 844 00:47:52,120 --> 00:47:53,035 Hello boys. 845 00:47:54,080 --> 00:47:54,954 Hello. 846 00:47:56,457 --> 00:47:59,125 - We should be far enough removed from the rebels. 847 00:48:00,837 --> 00:48:02,879 But we'll start the battery soon enough. 848 00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:06,173 - Soldier. 849 00:48:06,301 --> 00:48:06,841 - [Soldier] Sir? 850 00:48:06,968 --> 00:48:07,884 - That a Springfield? 851 00:48:07,969 --> 00:48:09,260 - Yes sir. 852 00:48:09,345 --> 00:48:10,553 - 68 caliber? 853 00:48:10,638 --> 00:48:13,431 No, it's the 58 with a rifle barrel. 854 00:48:13,516 --> 00:48:15,341 And it's more accurate at a distance, sir. 855 00:48:15,435 --> 00:48:16,392 - How accurate? 856 00:48:16,477 --> 00:48:19,345 - You can hit someone maybe 500 yards, sir. 857 00:48:19,439 --> 00:48:20,179 - That far? 858 00:48:20,273 --> 00:48:20,980 - Yes sir. 859 00:48:21,065 --> 00:48:22,148 (loud explosion) 860 00:48:22,233 --> 00:48:23,682 - For God's sake get down! 861 00:48:23,776 --> 00:48:25,276 - Take off that hat. 862 00:48:25,361 --> 00:48:27,194 (tense music) 863 00:48:27,322 --> 00:48:29,822 (guns firing) 864 00:48:35,830 --> 00:48:36,528 (gun fire) 865 00:48:36,623 --> 00:48:38,080 - Ah! 866 00:48:42,378 --> 00:48:43,711 - Are you okay? 867 00:48:45,506 --> 00:48:46,538 - Mr. President. 868 00:48:46,633 --> 00:48:47,381 - [Advisor] Let's go! 869 00:48:47,508 --> 00:48:48,466 - Come on! 870 00:48:48,551 --> 00:48:49,550 - If you don't come now I'm gonna order you 871 00:48:49,677 --> 00:48:51,427 an ambulance and force you outta here. 872 00:48:51,512 --> 00:48:52,678 Please, Mr. President! 873 00:48:52,764 --> 00:48:54,680 - All right, all right! 874 00:49:05,818 --> 00:49:08,277 - Lincoln rides out to Fort Stevens. 875 00:49:08,363 --> 00:49:11,989 While he is there Confederate sharpshooters 876 00:49:12,075 --> 00:49:15,284 come from the north and attack this fortification. 877 00:49:16,412 --> 00:49:18,904 - And bullets were whizzing by him. 878 00:49:18,998 --> 00:49:22,583 Sanding up as a very tall target and being possibly shot. 879 00:49:22,710 --> 00:49:25,711 It shows you his incredible courage. 880 00:49:25,797 --> 00:49:27,746 And that story got out. 881 00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:30,082 And it really inspired a lot of people 882 00:49:30,176 --> 00:49:33,052 at an extremely low moment in the war. 883 00:49:34,263 --> 00:49:35,754 - The mood of the north is really 884 00:49:35,848 --> 00:49:38,724 disconsolate in the summer of 1864. 885 00:49:38,810 --> 00:49:41,769 Despite the victory in Gettysburg the year before, 886 00:49:41,896 --> 00:49:44,355 Grant is stuck on his way to Richmond, 887 00:49:44,440 --> 00:49:47,933 the raid on Washington has shocked people in the north, 888 00:49:48,027 --> 00:49:50,027 and the Republican leaders come to Lincoln 889 00:49:50,113 --> 00:49:52,104 and they tell him there's no way you're gonna 890 00:49:52,198 --> 00:49:54,573 win this election next November. 891 00:49:54,659 --> 00:49:57,660 - There is anti-war sentiment growing in the north. 892 00:49:57,745 --> 00:50:00,112 Many northern democrats don't believe 893 00:50:00,206 --> 00:50:02,456 that the war is worth waging at all 894 00:50:02,583 --> 00:50:05,501 and they certainly aren't on board with the emancipation. 895 00:50:05,586 --> 00:50:07,336 - [Ted] Henry Raymond, the chairman 896 00:50:07,422 --> 00:50:11,048 of the Republican National Committee, goes to see Lincoln. 897 00:50:11,134 --> 00:50:11,882 - Beautiful day. 898 00:50:13,219 --> 00:50:15,011 If the elections were held today, 899 00:50:15,096 --> 00:50:17,722 you'd be beaten in nearly every state. 900 00:50:17,807 --> 00:50:20,141 - So these are the glad tidings that you bring me. 901 00:50:20,268 --> 00:50:21,350 (Henry chuckles) 902 00:50:21,436 --> 00:50:24,603 - There is something you can do to change the tide. 903 00:50:24,689 --> 00:50:25,771 But you might not like it. 904 00:50:27,191 --> 00:50:28,983 People still believe the rebels are willing 905 00:50:29,110 --> 00:50:31,527 to negotiate peace with reunion. 906 00:50:31,612 --> 00:50:35,031 The only thing standing in the way is your emancipation. 907 00:50:35,116 --> 00:50:36,648 - Not true. 908 00:50:36,743 --> 00:50:38,200 Jeff Davis won't budge on independence 909 00:50:38,286 --> 00:50:39,827 for his Confederacy. 910 00:50:39,954 --> 00:50:41,820 I know that, you know that. 911 00:50:41,914 --> 00:50:43,414 - The people don't. 912 00:50:43,499 --> 00:50:45,082 What if you negotiate that? 913 00:50:45,168 --> 00:50:49,828 Upon restoration of the Union, war will cease at once. 914 00:50:49,922 --> 00:50:50,838 All remaining questions, 915 00:50:50,965 --> 00:50:55,000 including slavery, will be resolved later. 916 00:50:55,094 --> 00:50:57,053 - So force Davis to say no. 917 00:50:58,473 --> 00:51:01,673 Then people will see that emancipation isn't the problem. 918 00:51:01,768 --> 00:51:03,392 - That's the idea. 919 00:51:03,478 --> 00:51:05,895 - Don't think I haven't thought of that myself. 920 00:51:07,023 --> 00:51:09,148 - Does he always follow this close? 921 00:51:11,986 --> 00:51:15,571 - Oh, only when I'm with a suspicious character. 922 00:51:17,784 --> 00:51:20,409 If I turn my back on the black soldiers now, 923 00:51:20,495 --> 00:51:22,745 I will be damned in time and eternity. 924 00:51:24,832 --> 00:51:29,085 I understand the political merits of your idea, 925 00:51:29,170 --> 00:51:31,504 but I will keep my word come what will. 926 00:51:32,882 --> 00:51:35,424 - Well your word may cost you the election. 927 00:51:36,219 --> 00:51:38,761 (tense music) 928 00:51:43,810 --> 00:51:45,810 - Henry Raymond says every state 929 00:51:45,895 --> 00:51:47,770 that we need is against you. 930 00:51:47,855 --> 00:51:49,063 You're gonna lose Pennsylvania, 931 00:51:49,190 --> 00:51:50,722 you're gonna lose New York. 932 00:51:50,817 --> 00:51:52,558 You're gonna lose everything. 933 00:51:52,652 --> 00:51:53,818 - There's no way you're gonna win 934 00:51:53,903 --> 00:51:55,653 the election this November unless 935 00:51:55,738 --> 00:51:58,447 you are willing to bring the south to peace talks 936 00:51:58,533 --> 00:52:01,400 on the basis of restoring the Union alone 937 00:52:01,494 --> 00:52:04,662 and leaving emancipation for a later time. 938 00:52:04,747 --> 00:52:07,915 - His entire life is now wrapped up with bringing 939 00:52:08,042 --> 00:52:12,002 this war to a just conclusion. 940 00:52:12,088 --> 00:52:13,838 And the ultimate liberation 941 00:52:13,923 --> 00:52:16,590 of black people on American soil. 942 00:52:16,717 --> 00:52:20,928 He has climbed a steep mountain and you can't go down. 943 00:52:21,055 --> 00:52:23,255 All you can do is keep going up. 944 00:52:23,349 --> 00:52:25,391 - Lincoln is getting a lot of pressure and criticism, 945 00:52:25,476 --> 00:52:27,977 so he calls Frederick Douglas to the White House. 946 00:52:30,064 --> 00:52:33,274 - The plain truth is that I'm likely to lose this election. 947 00:52:33,401 --> 00:52:34,817 - Are you so sure? 948 00:52:34,902 --> 00:52:36,986 - The Democrats will nominate McClellan. 949 00:52:37,071 --> 00:52:40,197 And if he wins, everything I've done will be undone. 950 00:52:40,283 --> 00:52:43,159 He'll sue for peace and that'll be the end of the war. 951 00:52:43,244 --> 00:52:45,619 And of emancipation of your people. 952 00:52:46,747 --> 00:52:48,330 And some people in my own party would have me 953 00:52:48,416 --> 00:52:51,116 turn my back on emancipation to win the election. 954 00:52:51,210 --> 00:52:53,419 - Well sir, I can tell you this. 955 00:52:53,504 --> 00:52:54,837 Black soldiers won't fight 956 00:52:54,922 --> 00:52:56,788 if freedom isn't at the end of it. 957 00:52:56,883 --> 00:52:58,340 - And they shouldn't. 958 00:52:58,426 --> 00:52:59,341 I wouldn't. 959 00:53:00,428 --> 00:53:02,344 Now I want to get as many slaves as possible 960 00:53:02,430 --> 00:53:04,430 to freedom in the case I lose. 961 00:53:04,515 --> 00:53:06,015 Frankly I was expecting more to make it 962 00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:08,392 to our lines by now once the proclamation got out. 963 00:53:08,477 --> 00:53:10,644 - It's a fair bet they don't know about it. 964 00:53:12,064 --> 00:53:15,107 Masters know how to keep their slaves in the dark. 965 00:53:16,235 --> 00:53:18,194 - This is exactly why I sent for you. 966 00:53:20,823 --> 00:53:24,483 I'm asking you organize a band of scouts. 967 00:53:24,577 --> 00:53:27,319 Something like old John Brown had in mind. 968 00:53:27,413 --> 00:53:28,487 They could go into rebel states, 969 00:53:28,581 --> 00:53:32,208 encouraged slaves to escape into our Union lines. 970 00:53:32,293 --> 00:53:34,793 Then we can protect them once the worst happens. 971 00:53:35,546 --> 00:53:36,295 What do you say? 972 00:53:38,966 --> 00:53:42,134 - Mr. President, I'm for freedom. 973 00:53:43,137 --> 00:53:44,220 Any way we can get it. 974 00:53:46,933 --> 00:53:50,184 - What came out of that meeting was Douglas saw 975 00:53:50,311 --> 00:53:53,812 for the first time Lincoln's hatred of slavery. 976 00:53:55,149 --> 00:53:58,350 - Douglas writes an elaborate plan about sending an army 977 00:53:58,444 --> 00:54:01,520 of kind of, missionaries into the deep south. 978 00:54:01,614 --> 00:54:04,615 To spread the word about emancipation. 979 00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:07,526 Because if a Democrat wins the presidency 980 00:54:07,620 --> 00:54:10,913 he will cancel the emancipation proclamation. 981 00:54:10,998 --> 00:54:13,582 - Democratic Party nominates McClellan. 982 00:54:13,668 --> 00:54:15,918 Good ol' McClellan comes back to be 983 00:54:16,003 --> 00:54:18,379 his opponent in this election. 984 00:54:18,506 --> 00:54:20,631 And the platform of the Democratic Party 985 00:54:20,716 --> 00:54:22,591 is really a compromised platform. 986 00:54:22,677 --> 00:54:24,543 It's almost peace at any price. 987 00:54:24,637 --> 00:54:27,546 - There's more at stake in this election than there 988 00:54:27,640 --> 00:54:30,432 had been in any other election up to this point. 989 00:54:30,518 --> 00:54:31,767 - He wanted a second term. 990 00:54:31,852 --> 00:54:34,395 He said he wanted the second term even more than the first 991 00:54:34,522 --> 00:54:36,054 because it would be an endorsement 992 00:54:36,148 --> 00:54:37,314 of his administration. 993 00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:40,234 And he could get to finish the job that he wanted to do. 994 00:54:41,279 --> 00:54:44,563 - And then William Sherman takes Atlanta. 995 00:54:44,657 --> 00:54:48,158 And suddenly the northern mood is void. 996 00:54:48,244 --> 00:54:51,120 (loud explosions) 997 00:54:52,540 --> 00:54:55,833 - Sherman broke the backbone of the deep south. 998 00:54:56,877 --> 00:54:59,169 - The tide turns in northern public opinion. 999 00:54:59,255 --> 00:55:01,246 And people start to feel good about the possibilities 1000 00:55:01,340 --> 00:55:03,248 of the war and that it might end soon. 1001 00:55:03,342 --> 00:55:06,343 - He realizes that the prospects for the Northern 1002 00:55:06,429 --> 00:55:08,887 victory at that time were much much greater 1003 00:55:08,973 --> 00:55:10,889 than they had been in the summer. 1004 00:55:10,975 --> 00:55:13,976 But still, for Lincoln it was a very anxious moment. 1005 00:55:15,229 --> 00:55:17,146 - If he loses that election, it would 1006 00:55:17,231 --> 00:55:19,440 be much more than a personal blow. 1007 00:55:19,567 --> 00:55:22,109 It would be a calamity for the country. 1008 00:55:22,236 --> 00:55:23,935 And the fear is that the soldiers have loved 1009 00:55:24,030 --> 00:55:26,822 McClellan all along and will vote for him. 1010 00:55:29,577 --> 00:55:32,494 - Still nothing from Grant at Petersburg. 1011 00:55:32,580 --> 00:55:34,112 The siege may take months yet. 1012 00:55:34,206 --> 00:55:35,497 - We need something big out of Grant 1013 00:55:35,583 --> 00:55:38,167 if we want to win this damn election. 1014 00:55:38,252 --> 00:55:40,377 I don't like our chances against McClellan. 1015 00:55:40,463 --> 00:55:41,587 People are fickle. 1016 00:55:41,672 --> 00:55:44,131 Atlanta's already starting to fade in their minds. 1017 00:55:44,258 --> 00:55:46,342 - I hear my boy Tad paid you a visit! 1018 00:55:46,427 --> 00:55:48,010 With his pet turkey. 1019 00:55:48,095 --> 00:55:49,845 - Yes sir, that's right. 1020 00:55:49,930 --> 00:55:52,556 Chased that turkey all over the place. 1021 00:55:52,641 --> 00:55:55,684 - Oh I asked him if he'd be voting alongside you boys. 1022 00:55:55,770 --> 00:55:57,019 (soldiers laugh) 1023 00:55:57,104 --> 00:55:58,637 - What did Tad say, sir? 1024 00:55:58,731 --> 00:56:01,607 Well he said no pa, he's not of age. 1025 00:56:01,692 --> 00:56:04,193 (group laughing) 1026 00:56:04,278 --> 00:56:05,444 Thank you boys. 1027 00:56:05,529 --> 00:56:06,028 - Thank you, sir. - Thank you, sir. 1028 00:56:06,113 --> 00:56:07,196 - Thank you. 1029 00:56:08,574 --> 00:56:10,908 - This is hardly the time for jokes. 1030 00:56:10,993 --> 00:56:11,950 - I'm not joking. 1031 00:56:13,120 --> 00:56:15,579 We need to make sure soldiers like those can vote. 1032 00:56:15,664 --> 00:56:18,916 - Sir, just because these Pennsylvania boys like you, 1033 00:56:19,001 --> 00:56:21,418 they live here, of course they like you. 1034 00:56:21,504 --> 00:56:22,544 - They believe in the war. 1035 00:56:22,630 --> 00:56:24,213 - Yes, but against McClellan? 1036 00:56:25,299 --> 00:56:27,165 - He did build the Army of the Potomac. 1037 00:56:27,259 --> 00:56:29,676 - And now he makes a mistake betting against it. 1038 00:56:30,763 --> 00:56:31,887 Democrats want the war to end 1039 00:56:31,972 --> 00:56:33,889 because they say we can't win it. 1040 00:56:33,974 --> 00:56:35,474 - Nobody wants to lose. 1041 00:56:38,062 --> 00:56:39,845 Especially the soldier. 1042 00:56:39,939 --> 00:56:42,898 - That's why I want as many of them to vote as possible. 1043 00:56:42,983 --> 00:56:43,982 I'd rather lose with those soldiers 1044 00:56:44,068 --> 00:56:47,111 behind me then get reelected without them. 1045 00:56:47,196 --> 00:56:50,072 - I can wire Sheridan and other generals. 1046 00:56:50,157 --> 00:56:53,700 Tell them to allow leave to any soldiers who want to vote. 1047 00:56:53,828 --> 00:56:55,577 - Especially in the border states. 1048 00:56:57,832 --> 00:57:00,833 Make sure that the furloughs are granted liberty too. 1049 00:57:02,169 --> 00:57:03,335 - And if you're wrong? 1050 00:57:10,845 --> 00:57:12,678 - They'll never put us in charge. 1051 00:57:12,763 --> 00:57:14,555 Same as white officers? 1052 00:57:16,350 --> 00:57:17,224 Go home. 1053 00:57:18,269 --> 00:57:19,184 - They might. 1054 00:57:21,313 --> 00:57:23,063 What do you think about that, James? 1055 00:57:24,150 --> 00:57:26,191 - We're fighting same as anyone. 1056 00:57:26,277 --> 00:57:28,485 No reason why we shouldn't be commissioned. 1057 00:57:32,366 --> 00:57:33,240 - Corporal James! 1058 00:57:34,785 --> 00:57:35,901 - Sir! 1059 00:57:35,995 --> 00:57:37,369 - You too, Fleetwood and Beaty. 1060 00:57:37,455 --> 00:57:38,787 You got orders. 1061 00:57:38,873 --> 00:57:40,739 Prepare your men to attack at daybreak. 1062 00:57:40,833 --> 00:57:41,707 - Yes sir! 1063 00:57:43,210 --> 00:57:44,084 Come on men! 1064 00:57:45,671 --> 00:57:49,298 - Grant has laid siege to Petersburg. 1065 00:57:49,383 --> 00:57:51,082 And Lincoln gives Grant his orders. 1066 00:57:51,177 --> 00:57:54,219 He tells him to go after Lee and chew and bite 1067 00:57:54,305 --> 00:57:56,597 and hold on with a bulldog grip, he says. 1068 00:57:56,724 --> 00:57:59,591 It turns into a major stalemate. 1069 00:57:59,685 --> 00:58:03,103 - Grant's armies are squeezing the Confederacy 1070 00:58:03,230 --> 00:58:06,148 and trying to get to Richmond. 1071 00:58:06,233 --> 00:58:07,983 - During the Petersburg campaign, 1072 00:58:08,068 --> 00:58:09,735 General Benjamin Butler 1073 00:58:09,820 --> 00:58:12,446 is one of the first generals who started 1074 00:58:12,573 --> 00:58:14,990 using black troops to help in any sort of way 1075 00:58:15,075 --> 00:58:17,609 when they were quote unquote "contraband." 1076 00:58:17,703 --> 00:58:20,111 So he decides he's going to put 1077 00:58:20,206 --> 00:58:22,372 some of his black troops front and center. 1078 00:58:23,542 --> 00:58:26,919 - Lincoln has developed a real appreciation 1079 00:58:27,004 --> 00:58:30,005 of black people serving in the Union Army. 1080 00:58:30,090 --> 00:58:31,965 He says we will all remember that there were 1081 00:58:32,092 --> 00:58:34,760 some black men with their bayonets 1082 00:58:34,845 --> 00:58:36,628 and their steel-hearted eyes who helped 1083 00:58:36,722 --> 00:58:39,973 mankind to preserve the Republic. 1084 00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:42,518 - All of them understand it is their opportunity 1085 00:58:42,603 --> 00:58:45,604 and their moment to show themselves as men 1086 00:58:45,689 --> 00:58:48,148 worthy of freedom and citizenship. 1087 00:58:48,275 --> 00:58:50,943 Not just for themselves, but for their families. 1088 00:58:51,028 --> 00:58:53,695 And that becomes the driving force. 1089 00:58:53,781 --> 00:58:55,781 - The stakes were very high because when 1090 00:58:55,866 --> 00:59:00,151 the Confederacy encounters black Union Army soldiers, 1091 00:59:00,246 --> 00:59:02,988 they don't want to treat them as prisoners of war. 1092 00:59:03,082 --> 00:59:06,375 They want to treat them as escaped slave rebels. 1093 00:59:06,460 --> 00:59:08,159 And kill them. 1094 00:59:08,254 --> 00:59:09,962 Or sell them back into slavery. 1095 00:59:11,882 --> 00:59:14,466 (guns firing) 1096 00:59:30,568 --> 00:59:33,110 (tense music) 1097 00:59:42,496 --> 00:59:44,029 - [Beaty] Do you ever get scared? 1098 00:59:44,123 --> 00:59:45,330 - Leave him be, Beaty. 1099 00:59:46,959 --> 00:59:48,125 - Be stupid not to be. 1100 00:59:50,254 --> 00:59:51,536 - That's what I'm saying. 1101 00:59:51,630 --> 00:59:53,338 I kept thinking about (indistinct). 1102 00:59:53,424 --> 00:59:55,007 What if I get captured? 1103 00:59:56,302 --> 00:59:57,342 - That's an easy one. 1104 00:59:59,638 --> 01:00:00,804 Don't get captured. 1105 01:00:02,016 --> 01:00:02,889 - Calvary ready! 1106 01:00:03,851 --> 01:00:05,216 Advance! 1107 01:00:05,311 --> 01:00:08,186 (soldiers war cry) 1108 01:00:10,774 --> 01:00:13,317 (guns firing) 1109 01:00:19,867 --> 01:00:23,994 - They are being mowed down with artillery and gunfire. 1110 01:00:24,079 --> 01:00:26,404 Many of their officers died. 1111 01:00:26,498 --> 01:00:28,406 And when their officers were killed, 1112 01:00:28,500 --> 01:00:30,417 the sergeants took over. 1113 01:00:35,716 --> 01:00:38,416 - Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood would see 1114 01:00:38,510 --> 01:00:41,928 the colors go down, he would grab them and rally his men. 1115 01:00:42,056 --> 01:00:43,764 First Sergeant Powhatan Beaty 1116 01:00:43,891 --> 01:00:45,757 would take command of his company. 1117 01:00:45,851 --> 01:00:48,226 His knapsack was shot off, his hat was shot off, 1118 01:00:48,312 --> 01:00:50,437 the sole of one of his shoes was shot off. 1119 01:00:56,070 --> 01:01:00,238 Miles James, his arms mangled by Confederate shot, 1120 01:01:00,324 --> 01:01:02,908 loaded and fired his rifle with one arm. 1121 01:01:02,993 --> 01:01:05,702 (Miles screams) 1122 01:01:08,874 --> 01:01:11,449 Of the 25 African Americans that would receive 1123 01:01:11,543 --> 01:01:14,336 the Medal of Honor during the Civil War, 14 of them 1124 01:01:14,421 --> 01:01:17,288 were awarded at the Battle for New Market Heights. 1125 01:01:17,383 --> 01:01:18,507 Including Christian Fleetwood, 1126 01:01:18,592 --> 01:01:22,928 including Powhatan Beaty, and including Miles James. 1127 01:01:23,013 --> 01:01:25,806 - There will be about 180,000 African American men 1128 01:01:25,933 --> 01:01:29,184 free and enslaved who will join the US Army 1129 01:01:29,269 --> 01:01:32,688 representing about 10% of the army. 1130 01:01:32,773 --> 01:01:35,140 Lincoln even says that that added 1131 01:01:35,234 --> 01:01:38,810 10% will make the difference in the war. 1132 01:01:38,904 --> 01:01:40,821 - [Doug] After the battle for New Market Heights, 1133 01:01:40,948 --> 01:01:42,480 the Confederates retreat up the road 1134 01:01:42,574 --> 01:01:44,983 and set up another defensive line. 1135 01:01:45,077 --> 01:01:49,371 And as fall of 1864 approaches, Grant continues 1136 01:01:49,456 --> 01:01:52,165 to be stalemated outside of Richmond and Petersburg, 1137 01:01:52,292 --> 01:01:53,875 and Lincoln is in doubt whether or not 1138 01:01:53,961 --> 01:01:55,827 he can win the election. 1139 01:01:55,921 --> 01:02:00,966 (office chatter) (tense music) 1140 01:02:08,600 --> 01:02:10,842 - [John] From Forney in Philadelphia. 1141 01:02:10,936 --> 01:02:13,478 Says we're gonna win by 10,000 in Pennsylvania. 1142 01:02:16,150 --> 01:02:17,774 - Forney, he's always excitable. 1143 01:02:21,947 --> 01:02:24,030 - This one says Baltimore goes Republican. 1144 01:02:25,617 --> 01:02:28,026 That can only mean you're winning. 1145 01:02:28,120 --> 01:02:29,870 - I'm far from being certain, John. 1146 01:02:32,458 --> 01:02:34,124 I wish I was certain. 1147 01:02:35,502 --> 01:02:38,295 (dramatic music) 1148 01:02:39,965 --> 01:02:41,882 (chatter) 1149 01:02:47,639 --> 01:02:49,848 - Reilly says we'll have New York. 1150 01:02:51,310 --> 01:02:52,142 New York. 1151 01:02:55,522 --> 01:02:56,646 And now Indiana. 1152 01:03:00,152 --> 01:03:01,651 You can't deny it. 1153 01:03:02,529 --> 01:03:06,323 (office celebratory chatter) 1154 01:03:13,373 --> 01:03:15,916 - [Office Worker] Congratulations, Mr. President. 1155 01:03:18,712 --> 01:03:20,245 - [Second Office Worker] Well done, Mr. President. 1156 01:03:20,339 --> 01:03:24,716 - [Third Office Worker] Well done, Mr. Lincoln. 1157 01:03:24,802 --> 01:03:26,426 - You did it. 1158 01:03:26,553 --> 01:03:28,419 - We did it, boys. 1159 01:03:28,514 --> 01:03:30,138 - [Office Worker] Congratulations, Mr. President. 1160 01:03:31,225 --> 01:03:33,475 - [Barton] Lincoln is elected in an electoral landslide. 1161 01:03:33,560 --> 01:03:36,728 - And he wins with the twin goals of Union and emancipation 1162 01:03:36,814 --> 01:03:39,981 intact because of his courage that terrible summer 1163 01:03:40,067 --> 01:03:41,766 when he thought he might lose the election, 1164 01:03:41,860 --> 01:03:43,109 but was unwilling to sacrifice 1165 01:03:43,237 --> 01:03:44,936 emancipation in order to do so. 1166 01:03:45,030 --> 01:03:45,987 It's a great moment. 1167 01:03:46,073 --> 01:03:50,283 What has happened over time is that people's 1168 01:03:50,410 --> 01:03:53,611 attitudes toward adding emancipation as a goal 1169 01:03:53,705 --> 01:03:56,781 to the restoration of the Union has increased. 1170 01:03:56,875 --> 01:03:59,584 That's what a leader does, that's what events do. 1171 01:03:59,670 --> 01:04:01,294 That's what movements do. 1172 01:04:01,421 --> 01:04:03,288 They change public sentiment. 1173 01:04:03,382 --> 01:04:05,340 And the extraordinary thing is that seven 1174 01:04:05,425 --> 01:04:07,625 out of the 10 soldiers vote for Lincoln. 1175 01:04:07,719 --> 01:04:09,460 They know that they may be extending the war, 1176 01:04:09,555 --> 01:04:11,629 they know they may be sacrificing their lives, 1177 01:04:11,723 --> 01:04:13,431 but by then they believe in the cause, 1178 01:04:13,517 --> 01:04:15,684 they believe in Lincoln, and they're willing to give 1179 01:04:15,769 --> 01:04:18,770 their lives for the cause that they now believe in. 1180 01:04:18,856 --> 01:04:20,689 - And a lot of that comes from the fact 1181 01:04:20,774 --> 01:04:24,317 that he had met these guys and talked to these guys. 1182 01:04:24,444 --> 01:04:27,946 I don't know that we've ever had someone leading 1183 01:04:28,031 --> 01:04:31,983 our nation that had the depth of skill that he has. 1184 01:04:32,077 --> 01:04:35,996 Call it political savvy, call it statesmanship, 1185 01:04:36,123 --> 01:04:38,039 call it just plain common sense. 1186 01:04:38,125 --> 01:04:40,000 Whatever it is, Lincoln has it. 1187 01:04:40,127 --> 01:04:42,210 And part of that is to show 1188 01:04:42,296 --> 01:04:45,830 his commonness with the soldiers. 1189 01:04:45,924 --> 01:04:49,000 Show them that he's one of them. 1190 01:04:49,094 --> 01:04:50,969 - After the election, Sherman is really 1191 01:04:51,054 --> 01:04:53,555 making swift progress as he and his army 1192 01:04:53,640 --> 01:04:55,932 march across the south to the sea. 1193 01:04:57,227 --> 01:04:58,977 - [Caroline] And it's there that Lincoln really sees 1194 01:04:59,062 --> 01:05:01,438 that the end of the war must be upon them. 1195 01:05:02,566 --> 01:05:04,900 - And he worries that if the war is over, 1196 01:05:04,985 --> 01:05:08,069 the emancipation proclamation, which is an executive order, 1197 01:05:08,155 --> 01:05:10,030 may no longer be valid because he's using 1198 01:05:10,157 --> 01:05:13,358 military necessity as his cover for doing it. 1199 01:05:13,452 --> 01:05:15,160 And that's when he begins to champion 1200 01:05:15,245 --> 01:05:18,330 the 13th amendment to end slavery forever. 1201 01:05:25,213 --> 01:05:28,256 - We need to start thinking about after this ends. 1202 01:05:28,342 --> 01:05:30,050 - Are you talking to him or me? 1203 01:05:31,219 --> 01:05:32,928 (Lincoln laughs) 1204 01:05:33,013 --> 01:05:34,679 - [Painter] Mr. President, you must remain still. 1205 01:05:34,765 --> 01:05:36,431 - Yes, of course. 1206 01:05:39,686 --> 01:05:41,353 I'm gonna revisit the amendment. 1207 01:05:44,733 --> 01:05:46,399 - We won seats in the House. 1208 01:05:47,903 --> 01:05:50,612 You have a better chance now than ever before. 1209 01:05:50,697 --> 01:05:52,864 - I will need to sway a few Democrats. 1210 01:05:52,950 --> 01:05:55,200 - Why not wait until the rebellion is over. 1211 01:05:57,579 --> 01:05:58,662 - [Painter] Mr. President. 1212 01:05:58,747 --> 01:05:59,788 - My apologies. 1213 01:06:01,708 --> 01:06:03,124 An amendment to the Constitution 1214 01:06:03,210 --> 01:06:04,575 winds the whole thing up. 1215 01:06:04,670 --> 01:06:05,752 It's done forever. 1216 01:06:07,130 --> 01:06:09,297 We'll need at least five to go our way. 1217 01:06:10,676 --> 01:06:12,884 - You'll need to offer them something real. 1218 01:06:15,889 --> 01:06:18,390 - Perhaps I have a longer reach than you realize. 1219 01:06:19,226 --> 01:06:21,768 (tense music) 1220 01:06:25,774 --> 01:06:28,191 - Lincoln believed that the founding fathers 1221 01:06:28,276 --> 01:06:32,195 had meant for slavery to end, but that they 1222 01:06:32,280 --> 01:06:35,407 didn't believe that they could just end it overnight. 1223 01:06:35,492 --> 01:06:37,242 That it was like a cancer. 1224 01:06:37,327 --> 01:06:39,536 So widespread you might not be able 1225 01:06:39,621 --> 01:06:42,372 to cut it out without damaging the patient, 1226 01:06:42,457 --> 01:06:45,450 but you can find ways to contain it. 1227 01:06:45,544 --> 01:06:48,837 But by this time he's not asking 1228 01:06:48,922 --> 01:06:50,839 for the consent of the people. 1229 01:06:50,924 --> 01:06:52,957 He's not asking for colonization. 1230 01:06:53,051 --> 01:06:55,844 He's not asking for anything gradual. 1231 01:06:55,929 --> 01:06:59,222 - Lincoln knew that saying now the war is over, 1232 01:06:59,307 --> 01:07:03,801 you guys go back, be slaves, was a nonstarter. 1233 01:07:03,895 --> 01:07:05,854 That the emancipation proclamation 1234 01:07:05,939 --> 01:07:07,856 was a fit and necessary war measure, 1235 01:07:07,941 --> 01:07:12,068 but when the war was over it was no longer a legal measure. 1236 01:07:12,154 --> 01:07:14,237 - And this is why you need the 13th amendment. 1237 01:07:14,322 --> 01:07:16,489 You have to change the Constitution. 1238 01:07:16,616 --> 01:07:20,618 - You've got almost four million people 1239 01:07:20,704 --> 01:07:23,988 who are enslaved, and there was nothing to prevent 1240 01:07:24,082 --> 01:07:28,159 southerners from re-establishing slavery 1241 01:07:28,253 --> 01:07:31,880 in the south unless this 13th amendment was issued. 1242 01:07:31,965 --> 01:07:33,831 He realized that something had 1243 01:07:33,925 --> 01:07:36,342 to be done that was permanent. 1244 01:07:36,470 --> 01:07:39,763 And so he is determined that this amendment 1245 01:07:39,848 --> 01:07:42,173 is going to pass Congress. 1246 01:07:42,267 --> 01:07:43,183 And it does. 1247 01:07:44,478 --> 01:07:47,678 - He came to recognize the inconsistency 1248 01:07:47,773 --> 01:07:51,441 that a nation conceived in liberty would have slavery. 1249 01:07:51,526 --> 01:07:54,944 - To the extent that America has any kind of standing 1250 01:07:55,030 --> 01:07:58,406 in the world now is in part the consequence 1251 01:07:58,492 --> 01:08:03,286 of people knowing about Lincoln and his views 1252 01:08:03,371 --> 01:08:06,414 on slavery and his views on freedom. 1253 01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:08,833 He has evolved in his thinking. 1254 01:08:09,920 --> 01:08:11,503 And it's the war that has done it. 1255 01:08:13,465 --> 01:08:16,707 - By the time the 13th amendment came along, 1256 01:08:16,801 --> 01:08:19,176 the war was dragging on and on. 1257 01:08:19,262 --> 01:08:22,596 More Americans died in that war than in any other. 1258 01:08:22,682 --> 01:08:24,014 Both sides. 1259 01:08:24,851 --> 01:08:26,434 And a lot had happened to him 1260 01:08:26,520 --> 01:08:28,560 and to the whole country by that time. 1261 01:08:29,773 --> 01:08:32,732 He's seen the death, he's experienced extreme 1262 01:08:32,859 --> 01:08:37,779 personal loss early in the war with the death of Willie. 1263 01:08:37,863 --> 01:08:39,405 All of this has moved him. 1264 01:08:40,407 --> 01:08:43,368 And he's carried the weight of a nation on him. 1265 01:08:43,452 --> 01:08:46,287 (dramatic music) 1266 01:09:39,175 --> 01:09:43,011 - All these people wiped out by the war. 1267 01:09:43,095 --> 01:09:46,514 He must write letters consoling those 1268 01:09:46,600 --> 01:09:49,800 who had lost members of families, fathers, 1269 01:09:49,895 --> 01:09:53,854 brothers, and all of this grinds him down. 1270 01:09:53,940 --> 01:09:55,973 You see it in his face. 1271 01:09:56,067 --> 01:10:00,311 The hollows of his cheeks sink more deeply in. 1272 01:10:00,405 --> 01:10:03,781 He said at one point that there was a tired spot 1273 01:10:03,867 --> 01:10:08,077 in him that no amount of rest could touch. 1274 01:10:08,163 --> 01:10:09,820 - Those photographs are haunting. 1275 01:10:09,915 --> 01:10:13,208 Etched on his face is a testimony, 1276 01:10:13,293 --> 01:10:16,460 a record of the stress that he endured. 1277 01:10:16,546 --> 01:10:20,215 Every president ages during their presidency, 1278 01:10:21,134 --> 01:10:24,469 but nothing like Lincoln 1279 01:10:24,554 --> 01:10:27,889 three or four years after he assumes office. 1280 01:10:27,974 --> 01:10:31,342 It gives you a sense of the burden that he was carrying. 1281 01:10:31,436 --> 01:10:34,020 - How can any human being accept 1282 01:10:34,147 --> 01:10:36,514 the casualties that were piling up 1283 01:10:36,608 --> 01:10:39,517 and take personal responsibility 1284 01:10:39,611 --> 01:10:42,820 without resigning or killing yourself 1285 01:10:42,906 --> 01:10:45,865 over this tragedy, unless you could find 1286 01:10:45,992 --> 01:10:48,451 a higher power that was instrumental 1287 01:10:48,536 --> 01:10:51,996 in causing the war to go on for so long. 1288 01:10:52,082 --> 01:10:54,749 And Lincoln writes a memo to himself that has 1289 01:10:54,834 --> 01:10:58,085 become known as a Meditation on the Divine Will. 1290 01:10:58,171 --> 01:11:01,539 If God wills that this contest continue, it will continue. 1291 01:11:01,633 --> 01:11:04,425 It must be divine providence forcing us to have 1292 01:11:04,511 --> 01:11:08,137 this bitter confrontation over the future of our country. 1293 01:11:08,223 --> 01:11:10,139 But Lincoln never joined a church. 1294 01:11:10,225 --> 01:11:12,517 He was not a believer in organized religion. 1295 01:11:13,395 --> 01:11:16,887 - As he prepared for the second inaugural address, 1296 01:11:16,982 --> 01:11:21,892 he wanted to make clear to everybody that he, Lincoln, 1297 01:11:21,987 --> 01:11:27,064 understood that the war had been a war to free the slaves. 1298 01:11:27,157 --> 01:11:30,493 And not just a war to save the Union. 1299 01:11:30,577 --> 01:11:34,289 And he wanted to make sure that everybody understood 1300 01:11:34,374 --> 01:11:38,793 that slavery was done forever in the country. 1301 01:11:56,688 --> 01:11:57,728 - Fellow countrymen. 1302 01:11:59,941 --> 01:12:04,434 Four years ago, all thoughts were anxiously 1303 01:12:04,529 --> 01:12:07,322 directed to an impending civil war. 1304 01:12:09,451 --> 01:12:10,491 All dreaded it. 1305 01:12:11,911 --> 01:12:13,494 All sought to avert it. 1306 01:12:16,124 --> 01:12:20,951 Neither party, expected for the war, the magnitude 1307 01:12:21,046 --> 01:12:24,088 or the duration, which it has already attained. 1308 01:12:25,133 --> 01:12:28,050 Both read the same bible. 1309 01:12:28,136 --> 01:12:30,178 And pray to the same God. 1310 01:12:31,306 --> 01:12:34,264 And each invokes his aid against the other. 1311 01:12:35,934 --> 01:12:38,811 - And Douglas was there in the front row 1312 01:12:38,938 --> 01:12:41,981 listening to Lincoln's inaugural address. 1313 01:12:42,901 --> 01:12:44,025 There's a great photograph. 1314 01:12:44,110 --> 01:12:48,446 It shows Lincoln at the lectern, Douglas with his 1315 01:12:48,531 --> 01:12:50,365 big hair, that's how you can recognize him, 1316 01:12:50,450 --> 01:12:52,950 and in the balcony is John Wilkes Booth. 1317 01:12:54,579 --> 01:12:56,954 - If God wills it, it continue. 1318 01:12:58,041 --> 01:13:00,991 Until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's 1319 01:13:01,085 --> 01:13:06,130 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk! 1320 01:13:07,467 --> 01:13:11,427 And until every drop of blood drawn with the lash 1321 01:13:11,513 --> 01:13:15,339 shall be paid by another drawn with the sword! 1322 01:13:15,433 --> 01:13:17,558 - What you see in the second inaugural 1323 01:13:17,644 --> 01:13:20,978 is not a certainty of victory. 1324 01:13:22,440 --> 01:13:27,110 But a certainty of the rightness of the struggle. 1325 01:13:27,195 --> 01:13:31,989 An almost biblical, righteous, prophetic 1326 01:13:33,243 --> 01:13:37,245 vision of why this struggle was necessary. 1327 01:13:38,331 --> 01:13:41,165 - As was said 3,000 years ago. 1328 01:13:42,544 --> 01:13:44,669 So still it must be said. 1329 01:13:46,047 --> 01:13:49,841 The judgments of the Lord are true 1330 01:13:49,925 --> 01:13:52,175 and righteous altogether. 1331 01:13:52,262 --> 01:13:55,880 - His consciousness of something bigger than himself 1332 01:13:55,974 --> 01:13:59,976 and the need to recognize that a form of pain 1333 01:14:00,061 --> 01:14:03,103 had existed in America for generations before 1334 01:14:03,189 --> 01:14:05,940 he came along and it would not instantly be solved. 1335 01:14:07,318 --> 01:14:11,320 - It's a statement of the need to rewire the country. 1336 01:14:11,406 --> 01:14:13,731 To change its moral axis. 1337 01:14:13,825 --> 01:14:15,741 He's now telling a new story. 1338 01:14:16,827 --> 01:14:19,287 About what America should be. 1339 01:14:19,371 --> 01:14:20,455 Who are we? 1340 01:14:20,540 --> 01:14:22,072 What do we believe in? 1341 01:14:22,166 --> 01:14:24,208 - With malice toward none. 1342 01:14:25,545 --> 01:14:28,212 With charity for all. 1343 01:14:29,382 --> 01:14:32,175 With firmness in the right. 1344 01:14:32,260 --> 01:14:34,886 As God gives us to see the right! 1345 01:14:36,181 --> 01:14:39,557 Let us strive on to finish the work we are in. 1346 01:14:40,727 --> 01:14:43,102 To bind up the nation's wounds. 1347 01:14:44,731 --> 01:14:48,232 To care for him who shall have borne the battle. 1348 01:14:49,777 --> 01:14:50,818 And for his widow. 1349 01:14:52,322 --> 01:14:53,404 And his orphan. 1350 01:14:55,282 --> 01:14:57,825 To do all which may achieve 1351 01:14:57,911 --> 01:15:01,245 and cherish a just and lasting peace. 1352 01:15:02,123 --> 01:15:03,623 Among ourselves. 1353 01:15:04,584 --> 01:15:06,666 And with all nations! 1354 01:15:11,716 --> 01:15:15,050 (audience applauds) 1355 01:15:15,136 --> 01:15:18,429 (dramatic music swells) 1356 01:15:40,620 --> 01:15:42,987 (crowd chatter) (tense music) 1357 01:15:43,081 --> 01:15:43,821 - Thank you. 1358 01:15:43,915 --> 01:15:45,414 I appreciate that. 1359 01:15:48,585 --> 01:15:50,169 - Where do you think you're going? 1360 01:15:50,296 --> 01:15:52,329 - In there like anybody else. 1361 01:15:52,423 --> 01:15:53,130 - Come on. 1362 01:15:53,216 --> 01:15:54,090 - What are you... 1363 01:15:54,925 --> 01:15:55,800 - Douglas! 1364 01:16:00,807 --> 01:16:01,806 Is there a problem? 1365 01:16:03,309 --> 01:16:05,101 - No, Mr. President. 1366 01:16:08,273 --> 01:16:10,347 - I saw you in the crowd today. 1367 01:16:10,441 --> 01:16:12,483 I'm anxious to hear your thoughts. 1368 01:16:12,568 --> 01:16:14,693 - I thought it was a sacred effort. 1369 01:16:16,155 --> 01:16:17,530 - Make sure to tell your readers. 1370 01:16:17,657 --> 01:16:19,407 - I might do that. 1371 01:16:19,492 --> 01:16:21,993 But you should know, Mr. Lincoln. 1372 01:16:22,077 --> 01:16:22,827 I won't let up. 1373 01:16:24,664 --> 01:16:26,539 You'll be hearing a lot from me. 1374 01:16:26,666 --> 01:16:28,040 - Well I figured as much. 1375 01:16:28,918 --> 01:16:30,166 - Mr. President. 1376 01:16:30,253 --> 01:16:31,043 - Yes. 1377 01:16:31,170 --> 01:16:32,335 - Congratulations. 1378 01:16:32,422 --> 01:16:33,537 - Oh I appreciate that very much. 1379 01:16:33,630 --> 01:16:35,464 Have you been met my friend Frederick Douglas? 1380 01:16:36,634 --> 01:16:38,384 - It's not a friendship. 1381 01:16:38,511 --> 01:16:42,513 It's mostly adversarial for most of the war. 1382 01:16:42,599 --> 01:16:45,433 Douglas certainly didn't like the way Lincoln behaved 1383 01:16:45,518 --> 01:16:48,394 in terms of what he saw as his slowness, 1384 01:16:48,521 --> 01:16:50,730 but he did have respect for the man. 1385 01:16:52,150 --> 01:16:53,891 - I think Lincoln's vision that America could be 1386 01:16:53,985 --> 01:16:56,393 for anyone who was willing to love her 1387 01:16:56,487 --> 01:17:00,197 and give it a chance should be open to anybody. 1388 01:17:00,282 --> 01:17:02,532 He predominantly meant that as white people 1389 01:17:02,619 --> 01:17:05,568 at the beginning of the war, but by the end of the war 1390 01:17:05,663 --> 01:17:08,039 he had a very different point of view. 1391 01:17:08,124 --> 01:17:09,740 I think no one was more surprised 1392 01:17:09,834 --> 01:17:13,419 by Lincoln's transformation as Douglas was. 1393 01:17:14,839 --> 01:17:17,590 - Frederick wanted the Civil War to be a crusade 1394 01:17:17,717 --> 01:17:22,252 to rid the country of this evil institution of slavery. 1395 01:17:22,347 --> 01:17:24,421 And I think by the time you get to Lincoln's 1396 01:17:24,514 --> 01:17:28,258 second inaugural address you can hear in his words 1397 01:17:28,353 --> 01:17:31,603 a lot of what Frederick Douglas had been fighting for. 1398 01:17:31,731 --> 01:17:35,933 And Frederick Douglass's influence over Lincoln. 1399 01:17:36,027 --> 01:17:38,769 We can credit Frederick Douglas and the abolitionists 1400 01:17:38,862 --> 01:17:41,105 for pushing Lincoln and not accepting 1401 01:17:41,199 --> 01:17:45,951 his gradual ideas about how slavery should end. 1402 01:17:47,080 --> 01:17:49,780 - Lincoln said don't call me a liberator. 1403 01:17:49,874 --> 01:17:51,457 It was the anti-slavery movement 1404 01:17:51,584 --> 01:17:53,541 and the Union soldiers that did it all. 1405 01:17:54,671 --> 01:17:56,462 - [Doug] In March of 1865, 1406 01:17:56,589 --> 01:17:59,123 Lee's army is trapped in Petersburg. 1407 01:17:59,217 --> 01:18:02,300 Sherman's now eating the innards out of the Confederacy. 1408 01:18:02,428 --> 01:18:04,469 - There are food shortages. 1409 01:18:04,597 --> 01:18:07,464 The Confederate Army and the civilians 1410 01:18:07,558 --> 01:18:09,684 of the south were starving. 1411 01:18:09,769 --> 01:18:12,978 - In the final weeks of the Civil War, Grant invites 1412 01:18:13,106 --> 01:18:17,316 Lincoln to his headquarters near City Point, Virginia. 1413 01:18:17,443 --> 01:18:19,360 He's in constant communication with Grant 1414 01:18:19,445 --> 01:18:22,822 and his son Robert is on Grant's staff. 1415 01:18:22,949 --> 01:18:24,532 And he wants to see Robert. 1416 01:18:24,617 --> 01:18:27,326 - Robert, Lincoln's older son, from the very 1417 01:18:27,452 --> 01:18:29,995 outset of the war had wanted to serve. 1418 01:18:30,123 --> 01:18:36,160 In the early weeks of 1865 Robert's wishes prevailed 1419 01:18:36,254 --> 01:18:38,327 and Lincoln not only allowed him to enlist, 1420 01:18:38,423 --> 01:18:42,499 he assigned him to the staff of Ulysses S. Grant. 1421 01:18:42,593 --> 01:18:45,302 - And so Lincoln goes on a boat trip. 1422 01:18:45,388 --> 01:18:49,339 He's the commander in chief of the entire military 1423 01:18:49,434 --> 01:18:52,843 in the final weeks of a very difficult war, 1424 01:18:52,937 --> 01:18:55,179 and he leaves the White House to live 1425 01:18:55,273 --> 01:18:58,682 on an ordinary boat at City Point. 1426 01:18:58,776 --> 01:18:59,692 He really loved it. 1427 01:18:59,818 --> 01:19:02,653 He was happy to get away from Washington. 1428 01:19:02,739 --> 01:19:05,322 I think it might've reminded him of his teenage years 1429 01:19:05,407 --> 01:19:08,192 as a flat boat builder and pilot and those 1430 01:19:08,286 --> 01:19:10,202 long trips down the Mississippi river. 1431 01:19:11,664 --> 01:19:13,371 And it's important to Lincoln to get 1432 01:19:13,499 --> 01:19:15,532 near the front lines in Virginia 1433 01:19:15,626 --> 01:19:17,793 in the final weeks of the Civil War. 1434 01:19:20,923 --> 01:19:21,839 - You look good. 1435 01:19:22,925 --> 01:19:23,632 It suits you. 1436 01:19:24,677 --> 01:19:26,677 - I'm glad you convinced mother. 1437 01:19:26,763 --> 01:19:27,636 - It wasn't easy. 1438 01:19:31,684 --> 01:19:32,558 - General Grant. 1439 01:19:40,485 --> 01:19:41,776 - We'll head over to Patrick Station 1440 01:19:41,861 --> 01:19:43,568 and you can review the prisoners. 1441 01:19:46,365 --> 01:19:48,699 - Is it mostly rebels? 1442 01:19:50,036 --> 01:19:50,868 - Mostly. 1443 01:19:54,999 --> 01:19:56,415 Lee's running out of options. 1444 01:19:58,835 --> 01:20:00,044 - Yeah. 1445 01:20:00,129 --> 01:20:01,504 - Mr. President. 1446 01:20:02,298 --> 01:20:04,840 (tense music) 1447 01:21:16,121 --> 01:21:18,664 - When Lincoln comes to meet Grant at City Point 1448 01:21:18,791 --> 01:21:21,041 Sherman comes up and they have 1449 01:21:21,127 --> 01:21:23,585 a meeting aboard The River Queen. 1450 01:21:23,671 --> 01:21:25,963 And it's there that Lincoln really sees 1451 01:21:26,048 --> 01:21:28,299 that the end of the war must be upon them. 1452 01:21:29,385 --> 01:21:33,512 - I must thank you for your heroic efforts. 1453 01:21:33,639 --> 01:21:35,848 I am much obliged to you both. 1454 01:21:35,975 --> 01:21:37,516 - Thank you, Mr. President. 1455 01:21:38,603 --> 01:21:39,852 But the war is not over. 1456 01:21:41,022 --> 01:21:42,688 - Lee can retreat to the Carolinas. 1457 01:21:43,983 --> 01:21:47,818 Maybe join forces with Johnston and stage another attack. 1458 01:21:50,156 --> 01:21:51,447 - Can't we avoid this? 1459 01:21:51,532 --> 01:21:52,781 - [Sherman] No. 1460 01:21:52,867 --> 01:21:54,450 - There will be at least one more 1461 01:21:54,535 --> 01:21:56,410 bloody battle before the war can end. 1462 01:21:57,830 --> 01:22:00,121 - When it's over I want peace. 1463 01:22:00,207 --> 01:22:03,918 I have no interest in retaliation or retribution. 1464 01:22:05,796 --> 01:22:08,672 The rebels will be returned home unharmed. 1465 01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:11,550 - That's assuming they go peacefully. 1466 01:22:13,346 --> 01:22:15,971 Sir, I have seen these people. 1467 01:22:16,057 --> 01:22:18,307 I have been watching them in Atlanta, 1468 01:22:18,392 --> 01:22:20,559 Columbia, Fayetteville, they are angry. 1469 01:22:21,687 --> 01:22:23,387 Rightfully so, they have been shamed. 1470 01:22:23,481 --> 01:22:25,147 They have been starved, their land 1471 01:22:25,232 --> 01:22:27,107 has been looted, their cotton burned. 1472 01:22:29,278 --> 01:22:32,029 Who do you think they're gonna blame for all of this? 1473 01:22:37,702 --> 01:22:38,702 - You let them alone. 1474 01:22:40,665 --> 01:22:43,123 You let them have their horses to plow with. 1475 01:22:44,418 --> 01:22:46,543 And their guns to shoot crows with. 1476 01:22:48,464 --> 01:22:50,422 I want no one punished. 1477 01:22:51,884 --> 01:22:55,177 We want those people to return to the Union. 1478 01:22:55,262 --> 01:22:56,971 And to submit to the laws. 1479 01:23:05,189 --> 01:23:07,147 There's been enough bloodshed. 1480 01:23:14,657 --> 01:23:16,106 - [Caroline] Lincoln's not willing to have 1481 01:23:16,200 --> 01:23:19,660 anything less than emancipation and complete 1482 01:23:19,745 --> 01:23:23,112 dissolution of the Confederate armies. 1483 01:23:23,207 --> 01:23:25,499 - Well what about the Confederate officials? 1484 01:23:26,585 --> 01:23:29,003 Let them go into exile, Lincoln says. 1485 01:23:29,088 --> 01:23:32,005 We don't want trials, we don't want hangings. 1486 01:23:32,091 --> 01:23:34,008 We want to reconstruct the country and we want it 1487 01:23:34,093 --> 01:23:37,960 to be done on the basis of some peace. 1488 01:23:38,055 --> 01:23:40,264 And some generosity. 1489 01:23:41,350 --> 01:23:45,894 A new country is about to take shape here. 1490 01:23:45,980 --> 01:23:47,521 A country without slavery. 1491 01:23:48,648 --> 01:23:50,898 - He's certain that slavery should end. 1492 01:23:50,985 --> 01:23:53,277 And he does everything in his power 1493 01:23:53,362 --> 01:23:54,318 to make sure that happens 1494 01:23:54,447 --> 01:23:56,612 with the passage of the 13th amendment. 1495 01:23:58,284 --> 01:24:03,327 But he is not quite ready to pull the trigger on equality. 1496 01:24:04,123 --> 01:24:05,164 That he is not willing to do. 1497 01:24:06,333 --> 01:24:09,159 Because he knows that that, at a time when there's 1498 01:24:09,253 --> 01:24:13,005 been so much loss, to pull that trigger 1499 01:24:13,132 --> 01:24:15,424 may be too much, so he starts saying 1500 01:24:15,509 --> 01:24:18,427 let them up easy, is what he tells Grant. 1501 01:24:18,512 --> 01:24:21,680 And that becomes the mantra, let them up easy. 1502 01:24:22,808 --> 01:24:24,433 - We've already fought the war. 1503 01:24:24,518 --> 01:24:27,227 We've already determined that secession is not legal. 1504 01:24:27,313 --> 01:24:28,687 To continue to punish the south 1505 01:24:28,814 --> 01:24:30,564 is to continue to look back. 1506 01:24:30,648 --> 01:24:32,273 And not to look forward. 1507 01:24:32,359 --> 01:24:35,277 - But that letting them up easy translated 1508 01:24:35,362 --> 01:24:39,990 to no real accountability for these actions. 1509 01:24:42,787 --> 01:24:44,361 - On the 2nd of April, the Union Army drives 1510 01:24:44,455 --> 01:24:46,996 Confederate forces out of Richmond and Petersburg. 1511 01:24:48,334 --> 01:24:50,416 If ever there was a hope for the Confederacy to have 1512 01:24:50,503 --> 01:24:53,754 its independence, it couldn't give up its capital. 1513 01:24:53,839 --> 01:24:55,589 That was the ultimate signal in warfare 1514 01:24:55,674 --> 01:24:58,092 of that day that your country was lost. 1515 01:24:59,178 --> 01:25:00,043 - The Confederates are forced 1516 01:25:00,137 --> 01:25:03,764 to evacuate Richmond and flee westward. 1517 01:25:05,976 --> 01:25:09,645 Lincoln determines to walk the streets of Richmond. 1518 01:25:09,730 --> 01:25:11,522 And I'm gonna walk through these streets 1519 01:25:11,607 --> 01:25:13,523 because the President of the United States 1520 01:25:13,609 --> 01:25:16,393 can walk through the streets safely 1521 01:25:16,487 --> 01:25:18,779 of a city of the United States. 1522 01:25:19,824 --> 01:25:21,406 It's all one country again. 1523 01:25:22,910 --> 01:25:25,402 - But there are buildings on fire, 1524 01:25:25,496 --> 01:25:27,788 there's the sound of guns off in the distance. 1525 01:25:27,873 --> 01:25:29,957 It's extremely dangerous. 1526 01:25:30,041 --> 01:25:34,503 And people begin to figure out who he is 1527 01:25:34,588 --> 01:25:39,133 and it's a chilling moment because it is 1528 01:25:39,218 --> 01:25:41,300 a group of people he means a great deal to. 1529 01:25:41,387 --> 01:25:44,847 It is African Americans who have lived 1530 01:25:44,932 --> 01:25:49,726 their entire lives in Richmond as enslaved people. 1531 01:25:50,728 --> 01:25:54,106 And they are no longer enslaved. 1532 01:25:54,233 --> 01:25:56,567 And they gather around him, 1533 01:25:56,652 --> 01:26:00,946 thanking him with intense emotion. 1534 01:26:01,073 --> 01:26:04,700 And Lincoln said I'm so happy to see all of you. 1535 01:26:04,785 --> 01:26:07,494 You are as free as air. 1536 01:26:08,746 --> 01:26:11,248 Liberty is your birthright. 1537 01:26:12,585 --> 01:26:15,669 Now please use it and enjoy it. 1538 01:26:18,591 --> 01:26:21,124 - Now the Confederate forces are on the retreat. 1539 01:26:21,218 --> 01:26:22,134 The Union Army of the Potomac has been 1540 01:26:22,261 --> 01:26:24,960 in siege now for almost nine or 10 months. 1541 01:26:25,055 --> 01:26:26,180 And yet with the drop of a hat, 1542 01:26:26,264 --> 01:26:30,467 this now professional army, they go into the pursuit. 1543 01:26:30,561 --> 01:26:33,228 - This is a relentless campaign. 1544 01:26:33,314 --> 01:26:34,730 There's very little sleep. 1545 01:26:34,815 --> 01:26:36,231 A lot of night marches. 1546 01:26:36,317 --> 01:26:39,484 They are not getting rations on either side. 1547 01:26:39,612 --> 01:26:42,571 And the day after the battle of Sailor's Creek 1548 01:26:42,656 --> 01:26:46,032 Lee's army has been badly destroyed. 1549 01:26:46,118 --> 01:26:49,036 Several of his generals, including one of his sons, 1550 01:26:49,121 --> 01:26:51,154 has been taken prisoner of war. 1551 01:26:51,248 --> 01:26:53,582 - That was kinda the end of Lee's army 1552 01:26:53,666 --> 01:26:56,627 in terms of its fighting capacity and fighting force. 1553 01:27:01,675 --> 01:27:03,383 - We don't have exact records of how often 1554 01:27:03,469 --> 01:27:05,168 Lincoln visits hospitals, but there was 1555 01:27:05,262 --> 01:27:07,054 no shortage of hospitals to visit. 1556 01:27:08,682 --> 01:27:11,058 We live with the Civil War's wounds 1557 01:27:11,143 --> 01:27:13,852 and the wounds it inflicts on its people. 1558 01:27:13,978 --> 01:27:17,231 Decades upon decades afterwards. 1559 01:27:17,316 --> 01:27:20,067 What a price we paid. 1560 01:27:22,655 --> 01:27:24,321 And all of the weight of that. 1561 01:27:26,157 --> 01:27:27,824 Is daily the accompaniment 1562 01:27:27,910 --> 01:27:30,994 that walks beside Abraham Lincoln. 1563 01:27:33,707 --> 01:27:35,082 - Be of good cheer, boys. 1564 01:27:36,210 --> 01:27:38,168 We're at the beginning of the end at last. 1565 01:27:40,422 --> 01:27:41,338 How do you do? 1566 01:27:44,093 --> 01:27:45,008 God bless you. 1567 01:27:48,430 --> 01:27:49,346 How do you do? 1568 01:27:53,644 --> 01:27:56,436 Oh, surgeon told me about you. 1569 01:27:57,564 --> 01:27:59,439 Said you were quite brave on that field. 1570 01:28:00,818 --> 01:28:02,192 I appreciate you very much. 1571 01:28:09,952 --> 01:28:12,402 - He was making that connection with the soldiers, 1572 01:28:12,496 --> 01:28:16,239 and somehow then they felt that he felt their pain. 1573 01:28:16,333 --> 01:28:18,125 He understood what they were going through. 1574 01:28:18,210 --> 01:28:20,252 And he believed in them. 1575 01:28:20,379 --> 01:28:22,254 And his belief in them then confirmed 1576 01:28:22,380 --> 01:28:23,755 their belief in themselves. 1577 01:28:29,388 --> 01:28:31,305 - May I read with you? 1578 01:28:32,266 --> 01:28:33,473 God bless you. 1579 01:28:36,020 --> 01:28:37,436 - How are you feeling today? 1580 01:28:39,690 --> 01:28:40,814 - I fought for Virginia. 1581 01:28:44,611 --> 01:28:45,485 - Oh that's fine. 1582 01:28:48,073 --> 01:28:50,324 You uh, you a farmer? 1583 01:28:55,581 --> 01:28:56,538 That's how I grew up. 1584 01:28:58,083 --> 01:29:01,293 I often wonder how we got to this place. 1585 01:29:04,840 --> 01:29:08,675 If I had it my way, this war would've never commenced. 1586 01:29:12,806 --> 01:29:13,680 God bless you. 1587 01:29:18,478 --> 01:29:20,270 - This thing's gonna be over soon. 1588 01:29:21,106 --> 01:29:23,023 And I'd liked to be able to say 1589 01:29:23,108 --> 01:29:26,276 I shook your hand when I had the chance. 1590 01:29:26,362 --> 01:29:27,861 - Well of course. 1591 01:29:30,449 --> 01:29:32,616 The pleasure is all mine. 1592 01:29:34,452 --> 01:29:35,660 God bless you. 1593 01:29:38,499 --> 01:29:39,246 - Mr. President? 1594 01:29:39,333 --> 01:29:40,540 - Yes. 1595 01:29:40,626 --> 01:29:41,666 - It's Secretary Seward. 1596 01:29:41,794 --> 01:29:43,168 - He's been in an accident. 1597 01:29:45,923 --> 01:29:46,880 - How does he fare? 1598 01:29:48,342 --> 01:29:49,758 - Secretary Stanton requests your presence 1599 01:29:49,843 --> 01:29:51,968 in Washington right away. 1600 01:29:52,971 --> 01:29:54,337 - Of course. 1601 01:29:54,431 --> 01:29:55,222 Thank you. 1602 01:29:59,853 --> 01:30:00,727 Mother. 1603 01:30:01,480 --> 01:30:02,396 We must go. 1604 01:30:14,076 --> 01:30:15,032 Thank you boys. 1605 01:30:16,745 --> 01:30:17,494 God bless you. 1606 01:30:19,373 --> 01:30:20,664 We will never forget you. 1607 01:30:26,463 --> 01:30:27,295 - Father. 1608 01:30:29,508 --> 01:30:30,549 Mr. Lincoln's here. 1609 01:30:33,344 --> 01:30:34,302 - Thank you, Fred. 1610 01:30:40,936 --> 01:30:43,061 You're back from Stedman. 1611 01:30:44,440 --> 01:30:45,856 - Grant is close. 1612 01:30:45,941 --> 01:30:47,232 He's close to the finish. 1613 01:30:50,446 --> 01:30:51,445 - I hope I live to see it. 1614 01:30:53,532 --> 01:30:57,325 - Doctor says he expects a full recovery. 1615 01:31:00,330 --> 01:31:02,706 - Then why'd you come so quickly? 1616 01:31:02,791 --> 01:31:05,125 - You've been so concerned about my safety. 1617 01:31:05,210 --> 01:31:07,419 You should've been concerned about your own. 1618 01:31:09,840 --> 01:31:12,716 - Who could've predicted that my carriage 1619 01:31:12,800 --> 01:31:14,925 would be more dangerous than your enemies? 1620 01:31:20,517 --> 01:31:21,600 - From General Grant. 1621 01:31:44,916 --> 01:31:46,625 - "General Lee surrendered the army 1622 01:31:46,752 --> 01:31:49,294 "of Northern Virginia this afternoon." 1623 01:31:50,422 --> 01:31:52,047 - [Edwin] It's over. 1624 01:31:53,675 --> 01:31:57,093 (dramatic music swells) 1625 01:32:24,289 --> 01:32:28,500 - Now, finally, we save the Union. 1626 01:32:29,962 --> 01:32:30,919 Surrender's come. 1627 01:32:31,004 --> 01:32:35,090 Been a lot of blood, toil, sweat and tears. 1628 01:32:36,300 --> 01:32:38,050 He was relieved. 1629 01:32:38,136 --> 01:32:39,844 Greatly relieved. 1630 01:32:42,391 --> 01:32:45,850 - On the morning of April 9th Lee's army 1631 01:32:45,978 --> 01:32:47,852 was just west of a small village 1632 01:32:47,980 --> 01:32:50,021 called Appomattox Court House. 1633 01:32:50,148 --> 01:32:51,514 And Lee thought that he only had 1634 01:32:51,608 --> 01:32:53,182 Union cavalry in front of him. 1635 01:32:53,277 --> 01:32:54,526 And they actually launched a battle 1636 01:32:54,653 --> 01:32:56,193 on the morning of April 9th, 1637 01:32:56,321 --> 01:32:59,990 and the Confederates are essentially surrounded. 1638 01:33:00,075 --> 01:33:03,535 And so Lee will send a note to Grant acknowledging 1639 01:33:03,662 --> 01:33:06,362 that the time has come to surrender his army. 1640 01:33:06,456 --> 01:33:08,873 - When he asks Grant what would be your terms 1641 01:33:09,001 --> 01:33:11,501 of surrender, Grant has an answer. 1642 01:33:11,587 --> 01:33:12,710 Because Grant and Lincoln, 1643 01:33:12,838 --> 01:33:14,838 they've already talked it through. 1644 01:33:14,923 --> 01:33:16,706 Officers can keep their sidearms. 1645 01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:18,207 And because Confederates brought their own 1646 01:33:18,302 --> 01:33:19,593 horses to service and they would have 1647 01:33:19,678 --> 01:33:21,594 to go back and start their farms, 1648 01:33:21,680 --> 01:33:23,763 they were allowed to keep their animals. 1649 01:33:23,849 --> 01:33:25,599 These were lenient surrender terms. 1650 01:33:25,684 --> 01:33:28,309 This was the beginning of the winning of the peace. 1651 01:33:29,688 --> 01:33:32,689 - Even though Lee's was only one of the Confederate armies, 1652 01:33:32,773 --> 01:33:35,066 it was the single biggest and most dangerous 1653 01:33:35,193 --> 01:33:38,111 of those armies, and when Lee surrenders that army 1654 01:33:38,196 --> 01:33:40,530 everyone knows it's over. 1655 01:33:40,616 --> 01:33:43,032 Peace is finally within our grasp. 1656 01:33:43,118 --> 01:33:44,951 And that's the headlines of the newspapers. 1657 01:33:45,037 --> 01:33:45,952 Peace. 1658 01:33:46,038 --> 01:33:48,071 Peace at last. 1659 01:33:48,165 --> 01:33:49,121 (church bells ringing) 1660 01:33:49,207 --> 01:33:51,750 - [Doris] April 9th, 1865. 1661 01:33:51,877 --> 01:33:54,919 Finally the Civil War comes to an end. 1662 01:33:56,548 --> 01:33:59,132 Cannons are firing, church bells are ringing, 1663 01:33:59,217 --> 01:34:01,468 people are celebrating in the streets. 1664 01:34:01,553 --> 01:34:04,804 - Absolute jubilation pervades through the north. 1665 01:34:04,889 --> 01:34:07,974 You can imagine the opposite reaction in the south. 1666 01:34:08,059 --> 01:34:11,603 But Lincoln himself is absolutely giddy. 1667 01:34:11,730 --> 01:34:13,897 Mary Todd will talk about how he 1668 01:34:13,982 --> 01:34:16,599 just seems so free all of a sudden. 1669 01:34:16,693 --> 01:34:18,943 How this burden has been lifted. 1670 01:34:20,072 --> 01:34:21,437 - He's really looking forward to the hope 1671 01:34:21,531 --> 01:34:22,989 that the Union can be restored 1672 01:34:23,075 --> 01:34:25,825 on a new basis, a different basis. 1673 01:34:25,911 --> 01:34:27,276 Slavery will be gone. 1674 01:34:27,371 --> 01:34:28,495 We're gonna have to rethink things, 1675 01:34:28,580 --> 01:34:29,954 we're gonna have to think anew, 1676 01:34:30,082 --> 01:34:31,665 but not to look back with revenge, 1677 01:34:31,750 --> 01:34:33,116 not to look back with resentment, 1678 01:34:33,210 --> 01:34:35,118 not to punish the people, but rather 1679 01:34:35,212 --> 01:34:37,087 to bring them along to a new Union. 1680 01:34:38,840 --> 01:34:41,290 - While slavery, yes, was abolished 1681 01:34:41,385 --> 01:34:44,293 and that's a wonderful thing, it did not deal 1682 01:34:44,388 --> 01:34:47,597 with the parent issue of slavery which is racism. 1683 01:34:47,683 --> 01:34:50,475 And we're still dealing with racism in America today. 1684 01:34:52,228 --> 01:34:54,853 - He has not fully begun to contemplate 1685 01:34:54,940 --> 01:34:57,639 what all of this looks like when it's done, 1686 01:34:57,734 --> 01:34:59,809 but he's beginning to draw the voices 1687 01:34:59,903 --> 01:35:02,946 that he needs to help him figure out what that is. 1688 01:35:04,407 --> 01:35:05,782 - You could be putting this government 1689 01:35:05,867 --> 01:35:07,150 in the hands of the enemy. 1690 01:35:07,244 --> 01:35:08,201 - I agree. 1691 01:35:08,286 --> 01:35:11,037 Who's to say they won't conspire against us? 1692 01:35:11,123 --> 01:35:12,371 - All rebel organizations 1693 01:35:12,457 --> 01:35:14,290 should be treated as null and void. 1694 01:35:15,585 --> 01:35:17,660 The only way their government should be restored 1695 01:35:17,754 --> 01:35:20,588 is under federal authority, military authority. 1696 01:35:22,592 --> 01:35:24,666 - Well if we treat them like insurgents 1697 01:35:24,761 --> 01:35:26,669 they will act like insurgents. 1698 01:35:26,763 --> 01:35:27,387 - Exactly. 1699 01:35:27,472 --> 01:35:29,338 - What about their leaders? 1700 01:35:29,433 --> 01:35:30,473 - You let them go. 1701 01:35:31,434 --> 01:35:33,309 You frighten them out of the country. 1702 01:35:34,438 --> 01:35:37,680 You open the gates, let down the bars. 1703 01:35:37,773 --> 01:35:39,315 - What if they don't go? 1704 01:35:39,401 --> 01:35:42,193 The fate of emancipation would be left in their hands. 1705 01:35:43,237 --> 01:35:44,362 It's too risky. 1706 01:35:44,489 --> 01:35:48,032 - The states should follow the example of Louisiana. 1707 01:35:48,910 --> 01:35:50,693 Abolish slavery. 1708 01:35:50,787 --> 01:35:52,537 Establish schools. 1709 01:35:53,957 --> 01:35:56,365 We were never fighting to exterminate half this country. 1710 01:35:56,460 --> 01:35:58,334 We were fighting to keep it together. 1711 01:35:59,421 --> 01:36:01,629 To prove that we can live together. 1712 01:36:05,677 --> 01:36:07,802 Why should that be any different now? 1713 01:36:11,975 --> 01:36:15,602 - He's trying to create a pathway for peace. 1714 01:36:15,687 --> 01:36:18,730 He's trying to create a pathway that that will mean 1715 01:36:18,857 --> 01:36:22,567 ending a war that doesn't devolve into guerrilla warfare. 1716 01:36:22,693 --> 01:36:24,568 - You recognize the need for healing. 1717 01:36:24,696 --> 01:36:27,063 And so his plan for reconstruction 1718 01:36:27,157 --> 01:36:29,565 was a fairly lenient plan. 1719 01:36:29,659 --> 01:36:31,409 - He envisions a nation of where it was easy 1720 01:36:31,536 --> 01:36:33,286 for the Confederacy to come back, 1721 01:36:33,371 --> 01:36:36,239 and that the retribution would not be great. 1722 01:36:36,333 --> 01:36:38,583 Basically say you reject succession, 1723 01:36:38,710 --> 01:36:40,293 you're back into the nation. 1724 01:36:41,630 --> 01:36:45,414 - Secretary Stanton had drawn up some new preliminary plans 1725 01:36:45,509 --> 01:36:48,134 looking towards the reconstruction process, 1726 01:36:48,219 --> 01:36:49,177 and it would be handled through 1727 01:36:49,262 --> 01:36:51,721 the military rather than through Congress. 1728 01:36:51,807 --> 01:36:53,431 It would be an executive function 1729 01:36:53,558 --> 01:36:55,391 rather than a legislative function 1730 01:36:55,477 --> 01:36:57,927 so that the full control of the peace process 1731 01:36:58,021 --> 01:37:01,397 would remain in the president's hands. 1732 01:37:01,483 --> 01:37:04,433 - He envisioned the President of the United States 1733 01:37:04,528 --> 01:37:06,653 appointing some governors who would figure out 1734 01:37:06,737 --> 01:37:10,439 some way to test who was loyal. 1735 01:37:10,534 --> 01:37:12,282 Then they would ask Congress 1736 01:37:12,410 --> 01:37:15,327 to readmit them to the Union. 1737 01:37:15,413 --> 01:37:17,947 - The white southerners were so devoted 1738 01:37:18,041 --> 01:37:20,282 to the racial hierarchy that they pushed back 1739 01:37:20,377 --> 01:37:23,119 against reconstruction from the very beginning. 1740 01:37:23,213 --> 01:37:25,839 - People like Stanton and others were outraged 1741 01:37:25,924 --> 01:37:28,675 that there would be no real accountability 1742 01:37:28,760 --> 01:37:32,469 for the carnage wrought by the south. 1743 01:37:32,597 --> 01:37:34,430 Aside from them losing their slaves 1744 01:37:34,516 --> 01:37:36,850 and he didn't feel like that was enough. 1745 01:37:36,934 --> 01:37:39,635 - But remember that Lincoln also said, 1746 01:37:39,728 --> 01:37:42,146 in what turned out to be his final speech, 1747 01:37:42,273 --> 01:37:44,473 that the time had come to extend 1748 01:37:44,568 --> 01:37:47,193 the right to vote to African Americans. 1749 01:37:47,279 --> 01:37:49,645 Particularly, he said, the educated 1750 01:37:49,739 --> 01:37:51,364 and those who had fought in the army. 1751 01:37:51,449 --> 01:37:53,816 It was the first time that an American president 1752 01:37:53,910 --> 01:37:55,618 had ever called for black suffrage. 1753 01:37:55,704 --> 01:37:59,205 It was so radical a concept at that moment 1754 01:37:59,291 --> 01:38:02,709 that someone in the audience, John Wilkes Booth, 1755 01:38:02,794 --> 01:38:06,162 turn to one of his Confederates and said that means 1756 01:38:06,255 --> 01:38:09,173 negro equality and he didn't use the word negro. 1757 01:38:09,300 --> 01:38:11,300 That's the last speech he'll ever make. 1758 01:38:15,764 --> 01:38:19,183 - April 14th, Lincoln woke up in a great mood. 1759 01:38:19,311 --> 01:38:20,675 Feeling probably more cheerful 1760 01:38:20,770 --> 01:38:22,520 than he'd felt ever in his life. 1761 01:38:23,940 --> 01:38:26,566 He went on a carriage ride with Mary. 1762 01:38:26,651 --> 01:38:27,859 And then they get back to the White House 1763 01:38:27,986 --> 01:38:28,851 and there's a group of his friends 1764 01:38:28,945 --> 01:38:30,111 who are there and they're just leaving, 1765 01:38:30,196 --> 01:38:32,864 but he says no stay, I want to talk to you. 1766 01:38:32,991 --> 01:38:34,023 And they kept talking and they were 1767 01:38:34,117 --> 01:38:36,492 telling stories and he's reading funny things. 1768 01:38:36,577 --> 01:38:39,695 He no longer needs to escape to go to the theater, 1769 01:38:39,789 --> 01:38:41,039 but at 8 o'clock that night 1770 01:38:41,166 --> 01:38:42,832 they tell him you have to go. 1771 01:38:43,919 --> 01:38:45,376 It has been in the newspaper that morning 1772 01:38:45,503 --> 01:38:47,702 that he would be at the theater that night. 1773 01:38:47,797 --> 01:38:48,755 And now he had to keep his word 1774 01:38:48,840 --> 01:38:51,374 to the people who might come to the theater 1775 01:38:51,468 --> 01:38:53,718 thinking that he would be there. 1776 01:38:55,764 --> 01:38:57,305 - It's been a perfect day. 1777 01:39:00,352 --> 01:39:02,477 Do you ever think about where we started? 1778 01:39:03,980 --> 01:39:05,688 We've been so miserable. 1779 01:39:07,943 --> 01:39:11,152 - Well we both deserve to be more cheerful. 1780 01:39:15,825 --> 01:39:17,200 - I'd like to travel. 1781 01:39:18,452 --> 01:39:20,236 Europe perhaps. 1782 01:39:20,330 --> 01:39:22,038 Or even California. 1783 01:39:22,123 --> 01:39:24,248 - I've always wanted to see the holy land. 1784 01:39:25,210 --> 01:39:26,709 The great cities of Europe. 1785 01:39:27,712 --> 01:39:29,745 - Let's stay here tonight. 1786 01:39:29,839 --> 01:39:31,923 We don't have to go to the theater do we? 1787 01:39:33,550 --> 01:39:34,925 - I'd much rather stay. 1788 01:39:36,179 --> 01:39:36,928 But we'd better go. 1789 01:39:38,056 --> 01:39:40,089 Word's out I'll be there. 1790 01:39:40,183 --> 01:39:42,892 I won't be the one to disappoint the people. 1791 01:39:42,978 --> 01:39:45,728 (dramatic music) 1792 01:40:02,080 --> 01:40:04,780 - [Delivery Man] I got medicine for Secretary Seward. 1793 01:40:04,874 --> 01:40:06,499 - [Frederick] My father's not seeing any visitors. 1794 01:40:06,584 --> 01:40:07,709 He's resting. 1795 01:40:08,712 --> 01:40:11,087 (violent struggle) 1796 01:40:11,172 --> 01:40:13,880 (ominous music) 1797 01:40:36,406 --> 01:40:38,197 - Little do they know, John Wilkes Booth 1798 01:40:38,282 --> 01:40:41,150 had planned a triple conspiracy to lop off 1799 01:40:41,244 --> 01:40:44,202 the entire head of the government. 1800 01:40:44,289 --> 01:40:45,830 The only thing that saved Seward's life 1801 01:40:45,957 --> 01:40:48,491 was that his jaw was wired from the carriage 1802 01:40:48,585 --> 01:40:50,334 accident so it didn't cut the artery. 1803 01:40:57,969 --> 01:40:59,668 Now some gals and mothers would go away 1804 01:40:59,763 --> 01:41:01,054 from a fella when they found that out, 1805 01:41:01,139 --> 01:41:03,339 but you done found a fortune, Miss Gussy. 1806 01:41:03,433 --> 01:41:06,059 - [Actress] My love, you had better go! 1807 01:41:06,144 --> 01:41:08,344 - [Actor] You crave affection, you do. 1808 01:41:08,438 --> 01:41:09,844 Now I'm no fortune, 1809 01:41:09,939 --> 01:41:11,814 but I'm filling over with affections. 1810 01:41:11,900 --> 01:41:14,233 Which I'm ready to pour out all over you 1811 01:41:14,318 --> 01:41:16,235 like apple sauce over roast pork. 1812 01:41:16,321 --> 01:41:19,155 - [Older Actress] Mr. Trenchard, you will please 1813 01:41:19,240 --> 01:41:22,032 recollect you are addressing my daughter. 1814 01:41:22,160 --> 01:41:23,993 And in my presence! 1815 01:41:24,079 --> 01:41:25,870 - [Actor] Yes, I'm offering her my heart 1816 01:41:25,996 --> 01:41:28,030 and hand just as she wants them. 1817 01:41:28,124 --> 01:41:28,998 With nothing in them. 1818 01:41:29,084 --> 01:41:31,541 - [Older Actress] Augusta, do you agree? 1819 01:41:32,504 --> 01:41:34,202 - [Actress] Yes, ma. 1820 01:41:34,297 --> 01:41:36,038 What a nasty beast! 1821 01:41:36,132 --> 01:41:38,049 - [Older Actress] I am aware, Mr. Trenchard, 1822 01:41:38,175 --> 01:41:41,719 you are not used to the manners of good society. 1823 01:41:41,846 --> 01:41:45,047 And that alone will excuse the impertinence 1824 01:41:45,141 --> 01:41:47,350 of which you have been found guilty. 1825 01:41:47,434 --> 01:41:50,353 - [Actor] Don't know the manners of good society, eh? 1826 01:41:50,438 --> 01:41:51,219 Well I guess I know enough 1827 01:41:51,314 --> 01:41:54,056 to turn you inside out, old gal. 1828 01:41:54,150 --> 01:41:58,611 (audience laughing and applauding) 1829 01:41:58,696 --> 01:42:01,322 (loud gunshot) 1830 01:42:07,371 --> 01:42:09,071 - Just think of it. 1831 01:42:09,165 --> 01:42:11,457 For Lincoln, finally this punishing war 1832 01:42:11,543 --> 01:42:13,409 has come to an end. 1833 01:42:13,503 --> 01:42:16,412 And he's able to feel a sense of the country 1834 01:42:16,505 --> 01:42:19,298 is gonna go forward, I've done my part 1835 01:42:19,384 --> 01:42:22,751 as a leader, and he only has five days 1836 01:42:22,846 --> 01:42:24,762 to appreciate that before he's killed. 1837 01:42:24,889 --> 01:42:26,097 It drives me crazy. 1838 01:42:27,809 --> 01:42:31,760 - No American president had been killed in office. 1839 01:42:31,855 --> 01:42:35,398 And the shock of the assassination was profound. 1840 01:42:35,483 --> 01:42:38,192 It just unleashed a tremendous outpouring of grief. 1841 01:42:40,737 --> 01:42:45,441 His coffin was carried by a new railroad car 1842 01:42:45,535 --> 01:42:48,077 that had just been built for his use 1843 01:42:48,163 --> 01:42:50,788 and was called The United States. 1844 01:42:52,876 --> 01:42:56,043 (train horn blowing) 1845 01:42:58,047 --> 01:43:00,956 If there was a chance to see the funeral train 1846 01:43:01,050 --> 01:43:03,467 on the way back to Springfield, 1847 01:43:03,594 --> 01:43:05,636 everybody wanted to be there. 1848 01:43:12,270 --> 01:43:14,803 And city after city there were crowds 1849 01:43:14,898 --> 01:43:17,231 like Americans had never seen before. 1850 01:43:23,448 --> 01:43:25,281 - People connected to him. 1851 01:43:25,366 --> 01:43:28,868 They know where he came from, how hard that fight was. 1852 01:43:28,952 --> 01:43:31,820 They saw a man who was a good man 1853 01:43:31,915 --> 01:43:33,414 who became a great president. 1854 01:43:36,794 --> 01:43:40,796 - Lincoln's biography is a tale of America. 1855 01:43:40,882 --> 01:43:44,342 At a time when it is not yet fully made. 1856 01:43:44,469 --> 01:43:48,837 The roughness and the self-made aspects of it. 1857 01:43:48,932 --> 01:43:51,514 The ambition and the hunger. 1858 01:43:52,602 --> 01:43:55,010 He's the living proof that Americans 1859 01:43:55,103 --> 01:43:57,647 can rise from poverty to triumph. 1860 01:43:58,775 --> 01:44:00,316 The promise of the American dream. 1861 01:44:00,401 --> 01:44:01,350 Which is that all men should have 1862 01:44:01,443 --> 01:44:03,686 an equal chance in the race of life. 1863 01:44:03,780 --> 01:44:07,189 - He reminded Americans of something they were forgetting. 1864 01:44:07,282 --> 01:44:08,857 That the Declaration of Independence 1865 01:44:08,952 --> 01:44:10,993 is a special piece of paper. 1866 01:44:11,079 --> 01:44:13,913 It obligates us to respect the human rights 1867 01:44:13,998 --> 01:44:16,874 of all Americans and of all people. 1868 01:44:18,294 --> 01:44:19,377 - That's the journey that he takes 1869 01:44:19,504 --> 01:44:24,206 by the time he is assassinated at Ford's Theater. 1870 01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:28,928 He has moved to a much higher calling, understanding, 1871 01:44:29,013 --> 01:44:32,047 and belief in terms of what the nation 1872 01:44:32,141 --> 01:44:36,018 could and should be despite his own 1873 01:44:36,103 --> 01:44:39,272 prejudices and concerns when he starts. 1874 01:44:39,357 --> 01:44:42,108 - From a contemporary lens, I think it's entirely 1875 01:44:42,193 --> 01:44:45,394 right and fair to look at some of Lincoln's writings 1876 01:44:45,487 --> 01:44:48,731 and say he was limited and constrained 1877 01:44:48,825 --> 01:44:51,367 by his times in ways that are disappointing. 1878 01:44:52,787 --> 01:44:56,205 And then I can also say yeah, but look what he did. 1879 01:44:56,291 --> 01:44:57,748 That was really important. 1880 01:44:57,875 --> 01:45:01,377 And took courage and took skill. 1881 01:45:01,462 --> 01:45:05,214 He was not just ahead of his time in terms of vision, 1882 01:45:05,300 --> 01:45:08,843 but helped to drag the country in a new direction. 1883 01:45:10,388 --> 01:45:14,598 - He dared to change the rationale for the Civil War 1884 01:45:14,726 --> 01:45:17,226 from preserving the Union to removing 1885 01:45:17,312 --> 01:45:20,062 the greatest stain of American democracy. 1886 01:45:20,148 --> 01:45:21,022 Slavery. 1887 01:45:24,902 --> 01:45:27,820 - Lincoln's legacy was to show us that democracies 1888 01:45:27,905 --> 01:45:31,407 can survive severe contests within. 1889 01:45:31,492 --> 01:45:34,201 And they shall not perish from the earth. 1890 01:45:35,371 --> 01:45:37,112 Lincoln had hoped that he could 1891 01:45:37,206 --> 01:45:38,947 accomplish something worthy so that 1892 01:45:39,041 --> 01:45:41,450 he would be remembered after he died. 1893 01:45:41,544 --> 01:45:43,585 It was that hope that had powered him 1894 01:45:43,671 --> 01:45:46,088 through his dismal childhood, his string 1895 01:45:46,174 --> 01:45:48,591 of political failures, and the darkest days 1896 01:45:48,675 --> 01:45:52,094 of the war that his story would be told. 1897 01:45:52,180 --> 01:45:54,805 It will be told for generations to come. 1898 01:45:56,601 --> 01:46:01,395 - America has to live up to the work that Lincoln started. 1899 01:46:02,732 --> 01:46:04,315 - [Lincoln] In giving freedom to the slave, 1900 01:46:04,442 --> 01:46:06,859 we assure freedom to the free. 1901 01:46:06,943 --> 01:46:09,987 Honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve. 1902 01:46:11,074 --> 01:46:14,316 We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, 1903 01:46:14,410 --> 01:46:16,786 the last best hope of earth.